{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411188169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","title":"MS-trust: a transformer model with causal-global dual attention for enhanced MRI-based multiple sclerosis and myelitis detection","display_name":"MS-trust: a transformer model with causal-global dual attention for enhanced MRI-based multiple sclerosis and myelitis detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411188169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064370497","display_name":"Salha M. Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7785-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salha M. Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064370497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":3.7718,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93394229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","score":0.7122485637664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.5939485430717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5112264156341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.47763100266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.44128337502479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38642558455467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.37884658575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32694894075393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29473114013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1621823012828827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1461677849292755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.1340264081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11426463723182678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.7122485637664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5939485430717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5112264156341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.47763100266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.44128337502479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38642558455467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37884658575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32694894075393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29473114013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1621823012828827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1461677849292755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1340264081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11426463723182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de5907ad5d80435cb664801c89997580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de5907ad5d80435cb664801c89997580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 8, Pp 1-42 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01945-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411188169.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411188169.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014165423","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2975963949","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W2995209110","https://openalex.org/W3027358948","https://openalex.org/W3035049382","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3035797579","https://openalex.org/W3047492810","https://openalex.org/W3089420697","https://openalex.org/W3091120457","https://openalex.org/W3094413750","https://openalex.org/W3094574213","https://openalex.org/W3096874987","https://openalex.org/W3097217077","https://openalex.org/W3106175743","https://openalex.org/W3114183908","https://openalex.org/W3127513866","https://openalex.org/W3145064452","https://openalex.org/W3162090017","https://openalex.org/W3162335705","https://openalex.org/W3162804940","https://openalex.org/W3165150716","https://openalex.org/W3166226907","https://openalex.org/W3189030508","https://openalex.org/W3202403792","https://openalex.org/W3202638365","https://openalex.org/W3204849658","https://openalex.org/W3212343901","https://openalex.org/W3216626228","https://openalex.org/W4214634256","https://openalex.org/W4220671531","https://openalex.org/W4280619560","https://openalex.org/W4281994448","https://openalex.org/W4282970310","https://openalex.org/W4283692706","https://openalex.org/W4283709353","https://openalex.org/W4285127798","https://openalex.org/W4286561577","https://openalex.org/W4290052354","https://openalex.org/W4291149789","https://openalex.org/W4293089973","https://openalex.org/W4293163051","https://openalex.org/W4294935580","https://openalex.org/W4294975064","https://openalex.org/W4296794216","https://openalex.org/W4297997442","https://openalex.org/W4306399516","https://openalex.org/W4306970994","https://openalex.org/W4307165495","https://openalex.org/W4307348781","https://openalex.org/W4308164703","https://openalex.org/W4309915848","https://openalex.org/W4310130553","https://openalex.org/W4311058983","https://openalex.org/W4312120539","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312952650","https://openalex.org/W4313010655","https://openalex.org/W4318777513","https://openalex.org/W4321433924","https://openalex.org/W4322629576","https://openalex.org/W4324144784","https://openalex.org/W4366396635","https://openalex.org/W4378191945","https://openalex.org/W4384518044","https://openalex.org/W4385195911","https://openalex.org/W4385385058","https://openalex.org/W4385734501","https://openalex.org/W4385837228","https://openalex.org/W4386033973","https://openalex.org/W4386376945","https://openalex.org/W6600281463","https://openalex.org/W6604344240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242498609","https://openalex.org/W4385842477","https://openalex.org/W2775228109","https://openalex.org/W3176930657","https://openalex.org/W4406347553","https://openalex.org/W4394833138","https://openalex.org/W2139437222","https://openalex.org/W2770864300","https://openalex.org/W2055573962","https://openalex.org/W1976263376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"detection":[1,148,193,219],"of":[2,37,78,87,110,118,132,152,197,227,270],"Multiple":[3],"Sclerosis":[4],"(MS)":[5],"and":[6,40,49,80,98,101,112,137,167,203,252,262,272,281,292],"Myelitis":[7,81,147,218,271],"from":[8,187],"MRI":[9,38,139],"brain":[10,140],"modalities":[11,141,205,231],"is":[12],"a":[13,28,41,102,130,276],"challenging":[14,277],"task":[15],"that":[16,26,122,142,177,221],"requires":[17],"tailored":[18],"transformer-based":[19],"attention":[20,30,43],"mechanisms.":[21],"This":[22],"paper":[23],"presents":[24],"MS-Trust":[25,159,178,222,241],"features":[27,67],"causality":[29],"block":[31,44,55],"to":[32,45,56,73,106,124,161,285,289],"maintain":[33],"the":[34,108,119,150,157,163,173,200,207,233],"sequential":[35],"integrity":[36],"data":[39,186],"global":[42,50],"capture":[46],"long-range":[47],"dependencies":[48],"contextual":[51],"information,":[52],"with":[53,129],"squeeze-and-excitation":[54],"recalibrate":[57],"channel-wise":[58],"feature":[59],"responses.":[60],"MS-Trust's":[61],"iterative":[62],"architecture":[63],"emphasizes":[64],"more":[65,247],"informative":[66],"while":[68,206,232],"suppressing":[69],"less":[70],"useful":[71],"ones,":[72],"focus":[74],"on":[75],"key":[76],"indicators":[77],"MS":[79,111,192,273],"such":[82],"as":[83],"lesions":[84],"or":[85],"areas":[86],"inflammation.":[88],"MS-Trust,":[89],"through":[90,96],"its":[91,287],"unique":[92],"architecture,":[93],"improves":[94],"generalization":[95],"CutMix":[97],"MixUp":[99],"regularizations,":[100],"compact":[103],"convolutional":[104],"tokenizer":[105],"enhance":[107],"classification":[109,269],"Myelitis.":[113],"We":[114],"conducted":[115],"ablation":[116],"studies":[117],"main":[120],"components":[121],"lead":[123],"elevated":[125],"performance.":[126],"Two":[127],"datasets":[128,291],"total":[131],"6173":[133],"images":[134],"comprised":[135],"axial":[136],"sagittal":[138],"were":[143],"prospectively":[144],"used":[145],"for":[146,183,199,217],"in":[149,172,265],"context":[151],"MS.":[153],"Across":[154],"all":[155],"metrics,":[156],"proposed":[158],"tend":[160],"outperform":[162],"CCT,":[164],"BiT,":[165],"BiT-CutMix,":[166],"BiT-MixUp":[168],"benchmarking":[169,208,234],"models,":[170],"especially":[171],"combined":[174],"modality,":[175],"indicating":[176],"might":[179],"be":[180],"better":[181],"suited":[182],"handling":[184],"complex":[185],"multiple":[188],"sources.":[189],"Our":[190],"best":[191],"can":[194],"reach":[195],"accuracies":[196],"90\u201392%":[198],"axial,":[201],"sagittal,":[202],"both":[204,230],"models":[209,235,251],"do":[210,236],"not":[211,237],"generally":[212],"exceed":[213,238],"86%.":[214],"Comparative":[215],"analysis":[216],"shows":[220],"achieves":[223],"an":[224],"approximated":[225],"accuracy":[226],"88\u201390%":[228],"using":[229,255],"79%.":[239],"Furthermore,":[240],"outperformed":[242],"no-attention":[243],"MLP":[244],"architectures,":[245],"plus":[246],"than":[248],"15":[249],"pretrained":[250],"vision":[253],"transformers":[254],"transfer":[256],"learning.":[257],"Despite":[258],"many":[259],"significant":[260],"efforts":[261],"promising":[263],"outcomes":[264],"this":[266],"domain,":[267],"accurate":[268],"subtypes":[274],"remains":[275],"task.":[278],"Further":[279],"evaluation":[280],"validation":[282],"are":[283],"needed":[284],"assess":[286],"generalizability":[288],"different":[290],"settings.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}