{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209062824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","title":"Categorizing white blood cells by utilizing deep features of proposed 4B-AdditionNet-based CNN network with ant colony optimization","display_name":"Categorizing white blood cells by utilizing deep features of proposed 4B-AdditionNet-based CNN network with ant colony optimization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209062824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","mag":"3209062824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077065392","display_name":"Asim Shahzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-9160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asim Shahzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073789439","display_name":"Mudassar Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudassar Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-9298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087423132","display_name":"Jamal Hussain Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-9391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Hussain Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104101974","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan Sharif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9361-8207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008984683","display_name":"Ramesh Sunder Nayak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-4299"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Sunder Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IS&E, Canara Engineering College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IS&E, Canara Engineering College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077065392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":3.3944,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93905155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"3143","last_page":"3159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7223342657089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7100623846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6261467337608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6062229871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5212567448616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.513573169708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42792823910713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41464143991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.41166117787361145}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7223342657089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7100623846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6261467337608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6062229871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5212567448616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.513573169708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42792823910713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41464143991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.41166117787361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00564-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209062824.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209062824.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183625566","https://openalex.org/W1533151499","https://openalex.org/W1607080598","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1791011331","https://openalex.org/W1935106270","https://openalex.org/W1989608827","https://openalex.org/W1996615911","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2040884411","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2060706129","https://openalex.org/W2096766127","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2159872370","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2325974598","https://openalex.org/W2440598369","https://openalex.org/W2443774491","https://openalex.org/W2538108779","https://openalex.org/W2574864336","https://openalex.org/W2593890892","https://openalex.org/W2685696850","https://openalex.org/W2763949715","https://openalex.org/W2765490497","https://openalex.org/W2770156338","https://openalex.org/W2793006349","https://openalex.org/W2795483715","https://openalex.org/W2799476711","https://openalex.org/W2801208592","https://openalex.org/W2894947117","https://openalex.org/W2907322847","https://openalex.org/W2917761380","https://openalex.org/W2948565605","https://openalex.org/W2950673640","https://openalex.org/W2959123891","https://openalex.org/W2963337882","https://openalex.org/W2963350184","https://openalex.org/W2968726102","https://openalex.org/W2971541566","https://openalex.org/W2982185347","https://openalex.org/W2984155152","https://openalex.org/W2985910765","https://openalex.org/W2989874578","https://openalex.org/W2990627807","https://openalex.org/W2990958226","https://openalex.org/W2997428102","https://openalex.org/W2998825217","https://openalex.org/W2999005247","https://openalex.org/W2999870907","https://openalex.org/W3021752156","https://openalex.org/W3034828615","https://openalex.org/W3040976691","https://openalex.org/W3061357073","https://openalex.org/W3091011414","https://openalex.org/W3093305443","https://openalex.org/W3100518172","https://openalex.org/W3111353342","https://openalex.org/W3121216533","https://openalex.org/W3134269260","https://openalex.org/W3138370395","https://openalex.org/W3177283294","https://openalex.org/W4239510810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208266890","https://openalex.org/W2996933976","https://openalex.org/W3013515612","https://openalex.org/W2136184105","https://openalex.org/W2187500075","https://openalex.org/W2345184372","https://openalex.org/W2336974148","https://openalex.org/W2391959412","https://openalex.org/W2126100045","https://openalex.org/W2546942002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"White":[1],"blood":[2,89],"cells,":[3],"WBCs":[4,119,162],"for":[5,139,199,238],"short,":[6],"are":[7,18,124,219],"an":[8,156],"essential":[9],"component":[10],"of":[11,23,67,88,115,159,161,166,256],"the":[12,45,84,109,113,187,215,245,254,257],"human":[13],"immune":[14],"system.":[15],"These":[16],"cells":[17],"our":[19],"body's":[20],"first":[21],"line":[22],"defense":[24],"against":[25],"infections":[26],"and":[27,33,39,70,76,91,111,117,136,141,175,194,205,223,233],"diseases":[28,69],"caused":[29],"by":[30,106],"bacteria,":[31],"viruses,":[32],"fungi,":[34],"as":[35,37,228],"well":[36],"abnormal":[38],"external":[40],"substances":[41],"that":[42],"may":[43],"enter":[44],"bloodstream.":[46],"A":[47,65,190],"wrong":[48],"WBC":[49],"count":[50],"can":[51,72],"signify":[52],"dangerous":[53],"viral":[54],"infections,":[55],"autoimmune":[56],"disorders,":[57],"cancer,":[58],"sarcoidosis,":[59],"aplastic":[60],"anemia,":[61],"leukemia,":[62],"tuberculosis,":[63],"etc.":[64],"lot":[66],"these":[68],"disorders":[71],"be":[73,197],"extremely":[74],"painful":[75],"often":[77],"result":[78],"in":[79],"death.":[80,97],"Leukemia":[81],"is":[82,101,104,132,184,192,211,250],"among":[83],"more":[85],"common":[86],"types":[87],"cancer":[90],"when":[92],"left":[93],"undetected":[94],"leads":[95],"to":[96,120,148,186,196,213],"An":[98],"early":[99],"diagnosis":[100],"necessary":[102],"which":[103,218,252],"possible":[105],"looking":[107],"at":[108],"shapes":[110],"determining":[112],"numbers":[114],"young":[116],"immature":[118],"see":[121],"if":[122],"they":[123],"normal":[125],"or":[126],"not.":[127],"Performing":[128],"this":[129,151],"task":[130],"manually":[131],"a":[133,164],"cumbersome,":[134],"expensive,":[135],"time-consuming":[137],"process":[138],"hematologists,":[140],"therefore":[142],"computer-aided":[143],"systems":[144],"have":[145],"been":[146],"developed":[147],"help":[149],"with":[150,203],"problem.":[152],"This":[153],"paper":[154],"proposes":[155],"improved":[157],"method":[158],"classification":[160,241],"utilizing":[163],"combination":[165],"preprocessing,":[167,178],"convolutional":[168],"neural":[169],"networks":[170],"(CNNs),":[171],"feature":[172,200],"selection":[173],"algorithms,":[174],"classifiers.":[176],"In":[177],"contrast-limited":[179],"adaptive":[180],"histogram":[181],"equalization":[182],"(CLAHE)":[183],"applied":[185],"input":[188],"images.":[189],"CNN":[191],"designed":[193],"trained":[195],"used":[198,212],"extraction":[201],"along":[202],"ResNet50":[204],"EfficientNetB0":[206],"networks.":[207],"Ant":[208],"colony":[209],"optimization":[210],"select":[214],"best":[216],"features":[217],"then":[220],"serially":[221],"fused":[222],"passed":[224],"onto":[225],"classifiers":[226],"such":[227],"support":[229],"vector":[230],"machine":[231],"(SVM)":[232],"quadratic":[234],"discriminant":[235],"analysis":[236],"(QDA)":[237],"classification.":[239],"The":[240],"accuracy":[242],"achieved":[243],"on":[244],"Blood":[246],"Cell":[247],"Images":[248],"dataset":[249],"98.44%,":[251],"shows":[253],"robustness":[255],"proposed":[258],"work.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
