{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3118905003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","title":"Fugl-Meyer hand motor imagination recognition for brain\u2013computer interfaces using only fNIRS","display_name":"Fugl-Meyer hand motor imagination recognition for brain\u2013computer interfaces using only fNIRS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3118905003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","mag":"3118905003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783281","display_name":"Chenguang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9473-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenguang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103908900","display_name":"Hongjun Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108401200","display_name":"Long Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-8788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-8788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Control and Management of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100783281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":1.1874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75356628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"731","last_page":"741"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.6867054104804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6370159983634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6018136739730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5852860808372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5514883399009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.548223078250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5251359939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.510541558265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5036856532096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4839323163032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.48051461577415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.42157670855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4105038046836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3872451186180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3028455376625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2818982005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.1992136836051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.14842990040779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11945179104804993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.6867054104804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6370159983634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6018136739730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5852860808372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5514883399009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.548223078250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5251359939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.510541558265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5036856532096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4839323163032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.48051461577415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.42157670855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4105038046836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3872451186180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3028455376625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2818982005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.1992136836051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.14842990040779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11945179104804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-020-00266-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1091861969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ19020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3882188835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5647634236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61873268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8236317252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1913209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3118905003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3118905003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535368017","https://openalex.org/W1632421470","https://openalex.org/W2069882039","https://openalex.org/W2076456816","https://openalex.org/W2082480549","https://openalex.org/W2098395403","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2127406349","https://openalex.org/W2150275893","https://openalex.org/W2302432179","https://openalex.org/W2401071893","https://openalex.org/W2404635662","https://openalex.org/W2422365436","https://openalex.org/W2477976998","https://openalex.org/W2528897476","https://openalex.org/W2549848578","https://openalex.org/W2559277976","https://openalex.org/W2580338731","https://openalex.org/W2607112852","https://openalex.org/W2735558480","https://openalex.org/W2742809125","https://openalex.org/W2883033321","https://openalex.org/W2885173426","https://openalex.org/W2920958819","https://openalex.org/W3003412996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336","https://openalex.org/W2944296668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"a":[2,50,74],"relatively":[3,39],"new":[4,51,151],"physiological":[5],"signal":[6,37],"of":[7,27,45,64,79,109,115,157,196],"brain,":[8],"functional":[9],"near-infrared":[10],"spectroscopy":[11],"(fNIRS)":[12],"is":[13,38,70,181],"being":[14],"used":[15],"more":[16,18],"and":[17,54,77,136,140,159,170],"in":[19,24,73],"brain\u2013computer":[20],"interface":[21],"field,":[22],"especially":[23],"the":[25,31,43,61,68,87,91,97,105,110,113,116,128,137,154,165,171,179,189,197],"task":[26,63],"motor":[28,106],"imagery.":[29],"However,":[30],"classification":[32,62,134,141,155,201],"accuracy":[33,44,156],"based":[34],"on":[35],"this":[36,47,150],"low.":[40],"To":[41],"improve":[42],"classification,":[46],"paper":[48],"proposes":[49],"experimental":[52,152],"paradigm":[53,180],"only":[55],"uses":[56],"fNIRS":[57,117],"signals":[58,129],"to":[59,99,104],"complete":[60],"six":[65],"subjects.":[66],"Notably,":[67],"experiment":[69],"carried":[71],"out":[72],"non-laboratory":[75],"environment,":[76],"movements":[78,98],"motion":[80],"imagination":[81],"are":[82,89,94,130,143],"properly":[83],"designed.":[84],"And":[85],"when":[86],"subjects":[88],"imagining":[90],"motions,":[92],"they":[93],"also":[95],"subvocalizing":[96],"prevent":[100],"distraction.":[101],"Therefore,":[102],"according":[103],"area":[107],"theory":[108],"cerebral":[111],"cortex,":[112],"positions":[114],"probes":[118],"have":[119],"been":[120],"slightly":[121],"adjusted":[122],"compared":[123],"with":[124,188],"other":[125],"methods.":[126],"Next,":[127],"classified":[131],"by":[132,184],"nine":[133],"methods,":[135],"different":[138],"features":[139],"methods":[142],"compared.":[144],"The":[145],"results":[146,202],"show":[147],"that":[148,178],"under":[149],"paradigm,":[153],"89.12%":[158],"88.47%":[160],"can":[161,203],"be":[162,204],"achieved":[163],"using":[164],"support":[166],"vector":[167],"machine":[168],"method":[169],"random":[172],"forest":[173],"method,":[174],"respectively,":[175],"which":[176],"shows":[177],"effective.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"selecting":[185],"five":[186],"channels":[187],"largest":[190],"variance":[191],"after":[192],"empirical":[193],"mode":[194],"decomposition":[195],"original":[198],"signal,":[199],"similar":[200],"achieved.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}