{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7110973961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","title":"A six-phase AI-expert framework for evaluating policy coherence in sustainable tourism","display_name":"A six-phase AI-expert framework for evaluating policy coherence in sustainable tourism","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7110973961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184463352","display_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","issn_l":"1098-3058","issn":["1098-3058","1943-4294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hrvoje Cari\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-4688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155267","display_name":"Institute for Tourism","ror":"https://ror.org/0570n2773","country_code":"HR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155267"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hrvoje Cari\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-4688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ante Mandi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2524-6387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92251255","display_name":"University of Split","ror":"https://ror.org/00m31ft63","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]}],"countries":["HR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ante Mandi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, University of Split, Split, Croatia","SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2524-6387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, University of Split, Split, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ivan Sever","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7043-4862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155267","display_name":"Institute for Tourism","ror":"https://ror.org/0570n2773","country_code":"HR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155267"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Sever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7043-4862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I92251255"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":4.6182,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95240072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.23659999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.23659999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10119","display_name":"Sustainability and Climate Change Governance","score":0.05889999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-analysis","display_name":"Policy analysis","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-tourism","display_name":"Sustainable tourism","score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"Sustainable development","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778734068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344240","display_name":"Sustainable tourism","level":3,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94617000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639854","display_name":"Qualitative comparative analysis","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184463352","display_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","issn_l":"1098-3058","issn":["1098-3058","1943-4294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40558-025-00352-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184463352","display_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","issn_l":"1098-3058","issn":["1098-3058","1943-4294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology & Tourism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6217004060745239,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7110973961.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7110973961.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965130353","https://openalex.org/W1974555019","https://openalex.org/W2044529823","https://openalex.org/W2082847409","https://openalex.org/W2095655043","https://openalex.org/W2119931196","https://openalex.org/W2133922933","https://openalex.org/W2175753910","https://openalex.org/W2255564665","https://openalex.org/W2594357230","https://openalex.org/W2610386725","https://openalex.org/W2775439791","https://openalex.org/W2788293980","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2993714421","https://openalex.org/W3014541417","https://openalex.org/W3017205423","https://openalex.org/W3024994281","https://openalex.org/W3034723486","https://openalex.org/W3046077792","https://openalex.org/W3083907761","https://openalex.org/W3139363371","https://openalex.org/W3145253318","https://openalex.org/W3147517805","https://openalex.org/W3161819288","https://openalex.org/W3166943242","https://openalex.org/W4210579608","https://openalex.org/W4213101378","https://openalex.org/W4221142265","https://openalex.org/W4252293011","https://openalex.org/W4286449686","https://openalex.org/W4292258976","https://openalex.org/W4308113945","https://openalex.org/W4309043641","https://openalex.org/W4315628699","https://openalex.org/W4323807103","https://openalex.org/W4362466759","https://openalex.org/W4376608644","https://openalex.org/W4383812952","https://openalex.org/W4385156372","https://openalex.org/W4385828561","https://openalex.org/W4385979136","https://openalex.org/W4388503650","https://openalex.org/W4389201667","https://openalex.org/W4389311069","https://openalex.org/W4390600121","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4392165298","https://openalex.org/W4394993355","https://openalex.org/W4395069886","https://openalex.org/W4399597530","https://openalex.org/W4399661914","https://openalex.org/W4400074863","https://openalex.org/W4400178038","https://openalex.org/W4400722369","https://openalex.org/W4401276637","https://openalex.org/W4401723987","https://openalex.org/W4401948668","https://openalex.org/W4402093024","https://openalex.org/W4402159931","https://openalex.org/W4402552828","https://openalex.org/W4403748753","https://openalex.org/W4403931334","https://openalex.org/W4404615890","https://openalex.org/W4407450298","https://openalex.org/W4408319746","https://openalex.org/W4410061931","https://openalex.org/W4411341747","https://openalex.org/W4412526796","https://openalex.org/W4413689701","https://openalex.org/W4414845310","https://openalex.org/W6929646395"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,172],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,33,41,96,182],"six-phase":[4],"AI\u2013expert":[5,110],"evaluation":[6,64,105,189],"framework,":[7],"grounded":[8],"in":[9,155,190,213],"co":[10],"mputational":[11],"interpretivism":[12],",":[13],"to":[14,58],"assess":[15,67],"the":[16,26,46,70,77,196],"coherence":[17,188],"between":[18],"national":[19],"and":[20,55,66,87,102,112,125,153,168,180,209],"international":[21],"sustainable":[22],"tourism":[23,74],"policies,":[24],"using":[25],"Croatian":[27],"Strategy":[28,89],"for":[29,80,84,90,122,127,163,186],"Sustainable":[30,91],"Tourism":[31,85],"as":[32],"case":[34],"study.":[35],"Leveraging":[36],"Anthropic":[37],"Claude":[38],"3.5":[39],"Sonnet,":[40],"state-of-the-art":[42],"generative":[43],"AI":[44,147],"model,":[45],"framework":[47,197],"integrates":[48],"natural":[49],"language":[50],"processing,":[51],"vector-based":[52],"similarity":[53,116],"search,":[54],"expert":[56,159],"validation":[57],"extract":[59],"key":[60,123],"policy":[61,75,156,169,187,211],"areas,":[62],"formulate":[63],"questions,":[65,106],"alignment":[68,212],"with":[69],"European":[71,82],"Union\u2019s":[72],"principal":[73],"documents:":[76],"Transition":[78],"Pathway":[79],"Tourism,":[81],"Agenda":[83],"2030,":[86],"EU":[88],"Tourism.":[92],"The":[93,171],"analysis":[94,201],"produced":[95],"validated":[97,133],"set":[98],"of":[99,120,176],"68":[100],"binary":[101],"27":[103],"qualitative":[104],"developed":[107],"through":[108,114],"iterative":[109],"collaboration":[111],"verified":[113],"quantitative":[115],"measures":[117],"(Jaccard":[118],"coefficients":[119],"0.714":[121],"areas":[124],"0.904":[126],"topics).":[128],"Three":[129],"domain":[130],"experts":[131],"independently":[132],"all":[134],"phases,":[135],"achieving":[136],"substantial":[137],"inter-rater":[138],"reliability":[139],"(Fleiss\u2019":[140],"\u03ba":[141],"=":[142],"0.717).":[143],"Results":[144],"confirm":[145],"that":[146],"can":[148,202],"substantially":[149],"enhance":[150],"efficiency,":[151],"scalability,":[152],"transparency":[154],"analysis,":[157],"while":[158],"oversight":[160],"remains":[161],"indispensable":[162],"contextual":[164],"interpretation,":[165],"ethical":[166],"validation,":[167],"relevance.":[170],"advances":[173],"theoretical":[174],"understanding":[175],"hybrid":[177],"human\u2013AI":[178],"epistemologies":[179],"contributes":[181],"replicable,":[183],"auditable":[184],"model":[185],"complex":[191],"governance":[192,208],"systems.":[193],"Beyond":[194],"tourism,":[195],"demonstrates":[198],"how":[199],"AI-assisted":[200],"strengthen":[203],"evidence-based":[204],"policymaking,":[205],"supporting":[206],"adaptive":[207],"cross-level":[210],"sustainability-driven":[214],"sectors.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}