{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411226783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","title":"Evaluating the emotional accuracy of AI-generated facial expressions in neurotypical individuals","display_name":"Evaluating the emotional accuracy of AI-generated facial expressions in neurotypical individuals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411226783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40534990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086070617","display_name":"Antonio F. Pag\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4724-768X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159031","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05cwbxa29","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Pag\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103212145","display_name":"Katherine A. Loveland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-9237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159031","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05cwbxa29","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine A. Loveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028130748","display_name":"Ron Acierno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-8210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159031","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05cwbxa29","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Acierno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, UTHealth Houston Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086070617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159031","https://openalex.org/I919571938"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7219,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93342527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"116","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.4722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.4722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.16429999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotypical","display_name":"Neurotypical","score":0.9374472498893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6389014720916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.47516247630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-expression","display_name":"Emotional expression","score":0.4363774061203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43204444646835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3998683989048004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.37284791469573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3531978726387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.3274611830711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.2441742718219757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Neurotypical","level":4,"score":0.9374472498893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6389014720916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47516247630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.4363774061203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43204444646835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3998683989048004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37284791469573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3531978726387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3274611830711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2441742718219757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40534990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40534990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover computing","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12175737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12175737","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12175737/pdf/10791_2025_Article_9630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discov Comput","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu:uthmed_docs-4246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthmed_docs/3306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196655","display_name":"Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1337852284","host_organization_name":"Texas Medical Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337852284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty, Staff and Student Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19aca90e992f493a906eb2d36ee76122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19aca90e992f493a906eb2d36ee76122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing, Vol 28, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2032283788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K99 HD118079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3864357881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5TL1TR003169-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G695704915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306097","funder_display_name":"Autism Speaks"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7257428254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32TR004904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306097","display_name":"Autism Speaks","ror":"https://ror.org/04bkad313"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313675","display_name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333360","display_name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411226783.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411226783.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2012614016","https://openalex.org/W2134822928","https://openalex.org/W2154290876","https://openalex.org/W2341847545","https://openalex.org/W2794820985","https://openalex.org/W3109302118","https://openalex.org/W3174134652","https://openalex.org/W3184248004","https://openalex.org/W4294333904","https://openalex.org/W4306860573","https://openalex.org/W4393065972","https://openalex.org/W4396887250","https://openalex.org/W4403397051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989708078","https://openalex.org/W2900367802","https://openalex.org/W1511759140","https://openalex.org/W2159450620","https://openalex.org/W2005468030","https://openalex.org/W2020206307","https://openalex.org/W1813760943","https://openalex.org/W4250708585","https://openalex.org/W2025928668","https://openalex.org/W2949159022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,169],"examines":[2],"the":[3,25,47,57,171,190],"ability":[4,209],"of":[5,50,62,182,192],"generative":[6],"artificial":[7,51],"intelligence":[8,52],"to":[9,27,161,188,210],"produce":[10],"facial":[11],"expressions":[12,184],"representing":[13],"basic":[14,77],"emotions":[15,63,165],"in":[16,91,126,194],"a":[17,131,179,222],"neutral":[18],"context":[19],"using":[20],"black-and-white":[21],"cartoon":[22],"imagery.":[23],"Mentalization,":[24],"capacity":[26,160],"recognize":[28],"and":[29,33,42,64,84,100,104,107,113,117,136,185,197,213,226],"interpret":[30],"one's":[31],"own":[32],"others'":[34],"mental":[35,195],"states,":[36],"is":[37,203],"critical":[38],"for":[39,97,110,173,206,224],"social":[40,225],"interaction":[41],"emotional":[43,48,145,157,183,215,227],"regulation.":[44],"We":[45],"explored":[46],"validation":[49],"(AI)-generated":[53],"images":[54,74],"by":[55,67],"assessing":[56],"agreement":[58,109],"between":[59,134],"human":[60,92],"interpretations":[61],"those":[65],"generated":[66],"an":[68],"AI":[69,152,193],"model.":[70],"Thirty-four":[71],"participants":[72,141],"evaluated":[73],"depicting":[75],"six":[76],"emotions:":[78],"sadness,":[79,98],"anger,":[80,99],"happiness,":[81],"surprise,":[82,112],"fear,":[83,111],"disgust.":[85],"Our":[86],"findings":[87],"revealed":[88],"significant":[89,121],"variability":[90],"agreement,":[93],"with":[94],"higher":[95],"concordance":[96],"happiness":[101],"(87%,":[102],"73%,":[103],"69%,":[105],"respectively)":[106],"lower":[108],"disgust":[114],"(3%,":[115],"9%,":[116],"14%,":[118],"respectively).":[119],"No":[120],"gender":[122],"differences":[123],"were":[124],"found":[125],"emotion":[127],"recognition":[128],"accuracy,":[129],"although":[130],"positive":[132],"correlation":[133],"age":[135],"accuracy":[137],"indicated":[138],"that":[139,150,177],"older":[140],"may":[142],"possess":[143],"greater":[144],"insight.":[146],"These":[147],"results":[148],"suggest":[149],"while":[151],"can":[153],"effectively":[154],"replicate":[155],"certain":[156],"expressions,":[158],"its":[159,219],"convey":[162],"more":[163],"nuanced":[164],"remains":[166],"limited.":[167],"The":[168,231],"underscores":[170],"need":[172],"advanced":[174],"training":[175],"data":[176],"encompass":[178],"broader":[180],"range":[181],"cultural":[186],"nuances":[187],"enhance":[189],"applicability":[191],"health":[196],"interpersonal":[198],"communication.":[199],"Furthermore,":[200],"this":[201],"research":[202],"particularly":[204],"relevant":[205],"improving":[207],"AI's":[208],"generate":[211],"clear":[212],"accurate":[214],"cues":[216],"could":[217],"advance":[218],"utility":[220],"as":[221],"tool":[223],"learning.":[228],"Supplementary":[229],"Information:":[230],"online":[232],"version":[233],"contains":[234],"supplementary":[235],"material":[236],"available":[237],"at":[238],"10.1007/s10791-025-09630-1.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}