{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399465031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","title":"ChatGPT is bullshit","display_name":"ChatGPT is bullshit","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399465031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082959886","display_name":"Michael Townsen Hicks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1304-5668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Townsen Hicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1304-5668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099062193","display_name":"James Humphries","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Humphries","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099062194","display_name":"Joe Slater","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Slater","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082959886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":328.5707,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99998832,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5848860740661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.553486168384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.34943753480911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.34931421279907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20563340187072754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5848860740661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.553486168384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.34943753480911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.34931421279907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20563340187072754}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:327588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/72691.html>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/327588/1/327588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320337","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399465031.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89714523","https://openalex.org/W2138143941","https://openalex.org/W2144442672","https://openalex.org/W2782971176","https://openalex.org/W3164263930","https://openalex.org/W4220889970","https://openalex.org/W4234116076","https://openalex.org/W4250088333","https://openalex.org/W4321351832","https://openalex.org/W4362519599","https://openalex.org/W4378464611","https://openalex.org/W4381335492","https://openalex.org/W4383175775","https://openalex.org/W4385474636","https://openalex.org/W4385889719","https://openalex.org/W4389085937","https://openalex.org/W4389579873","https://openalex.org/W4399492998","https://openalex.org/W6757042886","https://openalex.org/W6852476831","https://openalex.org/W6858345540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recently,":[1],"there":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4,25],"considerable":[5],"interest":[6],"in":[7,30,57,70,85],"large":[8,49],"language":[9,50],"models:":[10],"machine":[11],"learning":[12],"systems":[13,23],"which":[14,86],"produce":[15],"human-like":[16],"text":[17],"and":[18,44,95,121,127],"dialogue.":[19],"Applications":[20],"of":[21,48,78,104,125,131],"these":[22,33,42,105,132],"have":[24],"plagued":[26],"by":[27,61],"persistent":[28],"inaccuracies":[29],"their":[31,79],"output;":[32],"are":[34,69],"often":[35],"called":[36],"\u201cAI":[37],"hallucinations\u201d.":[38],"We":[39,81,107],"argue":[40,96,109],"that":[41,97,110],"falsehoods,":[43],"the":[45,58,67,76,87,129],"overall":[46],"activity":[47],"models,":[51],"is":[52,116],"better":[53],"understood":[54],"as":[55,114],"bullshit":[56,115],"sense":[59],"explored":[60],"Frankfurt":[62],"(On":[63],"Bullshit,":[64],"Princeton,":[65],"2005):":[66],"models":[68,88],"an":[71],"important":[72],"way":[73,124],"indifferent":[74],"to":[75,92],"truth":[77],"outputs.":[80],"distinguish":[82],"two":[83],"ways":[84],"can":[89],"be":[90,93],"said":[91],"bullshitters,":[94],"they":[98],"clearly":[99],"meet":[100],"at":[101],"least":[102],"one":[103],"definitions.":[106],"further":[108],"describing":[111],"AI":[112],"misrepresentations":[113],"both":[117],"a":[118],"more":[119,122],"useful":[120],"accurate":[123],"predicting":[126],"discussing":[128],"behaviour":[130],"systems.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":200},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":48}],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
