{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921796154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","title":"Modelling competing legal arguments using Bayesian model comparison and averaging","display_name":"Modelling competing legal arguments using Bayesian model comparison and averaging","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921796154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","mag":"2921796154","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32269421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Martin Neil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800110054","display_name":"Age UK","ror":"https://ror.org/050x9d346","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800110054"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Neil","raw_affiliation_strings":["1School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK","Agena Ltd, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-0843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agena Ltd, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800110054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Norman Fenton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800110054","display_name":"Age UK","ror":"https://ror.org/050x9d346","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800110054"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Fenton","raw_affiliation_strings":["1School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK","Agena Ltd, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agena Ltd, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800110054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Lagnado","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144746","display_name":"The London College","ror":"https://ror.org/0546ajs61","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lagnado","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard David Gill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210716285","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/0093src13","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard David Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["3Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I210716285","https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":18.9069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99092245,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"4","first_page":"403","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.42309999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.42309999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.0754999965429306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.05700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judgement","display_name":"Judgement","score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-law","display_name":"Philosophy of law","score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contradiction","display_name":"Contradiction","score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-theory","display_name":"Decision theory","score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequentist-inference","display_name":"Frequentist inference","score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.3747999966144562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12621536","display_name":"Judgement","level":2,"score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126842","display_name":"Philosophy of law","level":3,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776728590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948","display_name":"Contradiction","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162376815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2158281","display_name":"Frequentist inference","level":4,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101112237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874481","display_name":"Bayesian statistics","level":4,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68022304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842217","display_name":"Bayes estimator","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83136003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054565","display_name":"Causal decision theory","level":5,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71983512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915687","display_name":"Variable-order Bayesian network","level":4,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32269421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32269421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial intelligence and law","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.04891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.04891","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.04891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7114955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7114955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artif Intell Law (Dordr)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-019-09250-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1732414510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K032208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","funder_display_name":"Simons Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2284570510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant RPG-2016-118 CAUSAL-DYNAMICS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3303696174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RPG-2016-118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3728093668","display_name":"Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences","funder_award_id":"EP/K032208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4421442999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K032208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5128091834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K032208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5578800588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K032208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313284","funder_display_name":"Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7102210031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Advanced Grant ERC-2013-AdG339182-BAYES_KNOWLEDGE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G722924027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RPG-2016-118 CAUSAL-DYNAMICS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G919757400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EPSRC grant no EP/K032208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313284","funder_display_name":"Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313284","display_name":"Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337380","display_name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051fftw81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921796154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921796154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603903339","https://openalex.org/W2010366788","https://openalex.org/W2029896775","https://openalex.org/W2051298781","https://openalex.org/W2085969376","https://openalex.org/W2099613469","https://openalex.org/W2113142486","https://openalex.org/W2143450754","https://openalex.org/W2153909792","https://openalex.org/W2520918604","https://openalex.org/W2594682492","https://openalex.org/W2606730622","https://openalex.org/W2787962658","https://openalex.org/W4289556003","https://openalex.org/W4301137208","https://openalex.org/W4388320080"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bayesian":[0,63,131],"models":[1,64,95,112],"of":[2,15,65,83,96,143],"legal":[3,17,66,97],"arguments":[4,18,67,98,144,154],"generally":[5],"aim":[6],"to":[7,48,59,77],"produce":[8],"a":[9,41,56,141,148],"single":[10,149],"integrated":[11],"model,":[12],"combining":[13],"each":[14],"the":[16,49,108,119,130],"under":[19],"consideration.":[20],"This":[21,53],"combined":[22],"approach":[23,58,90],"implicitly":[24],"assumes":[25],"that":[26,43,68,113],"variables":[27],"and":[28,39,61,73,134,157],"their":[29],"relationships":[30],"can":[31],"be":[32],"represented":[33],"without":[34],"any":[35],"contradiction":[36],"or":[37,87,101,106],"misalignment,":[38],"in":[40,81,129],"way":[42,140],"makes":[44],"sense":[45],"with":[46,74],"respect":[47],"competing":[50,94],"argument":[51],"narratives.":[52],"paper":[54],"describes":[55],"novel":[57],"compare":[60],"'average'":[62],"have":[69],"been":[70],"built":[71],"independently":[72],"no":[75],"attempt":[76],"make":[78],"them":[79],"consistent":[80],"terms":[82],"variables,":[84],"causal":[85],"assumptions":[86],"parameterization.":[88],"The":[89],"involves":[91],"assessing":[92],"whether":[93],"are":[99,114,121],"explained":[100],"predict":[102],"facts":[103,120],"uncovered":[104],"before":[105],"during":[107],"trial":[109],"process.":[110],"Those":[111],"more":[115],"heavily":[116],"disconfirmed":[117],"by":[118],"given":[122],"lower":[123],"weight,":[124],"as":[125],"model":[126,132],"plausibility":[127],"measures,":[128],"comparison":[133],"averaging":[135],"framework":[136],"adopted.":[137],"In":[138],"this":[139],"plurality":[142],"is":[145,155],"allowed":[146],"yet":[147],"judgement":[150],"based":[151],"on":[152],"all":[153],"possible":[156],"rational.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
