{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391514872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","title":"Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey","display_name":"Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391514872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065051130","display_name":"Kamal Berahmand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4459-0703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamal Berahmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003861036","display_name":"Fatemeh Daneshfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124704065","display_name":"University of Kurdistan","ror":"https://ror.org/04k89yk85","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124704065"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Daneshfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124704065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107031597","display_name":"Elaheh Sadat Salehi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166459259","display_name":"Shiraz University","ror":"https://ror.org/028qtbk54","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166459259"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaheh Sadat Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166459259"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627256","display_name":"Yuefeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuefeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445659","display_name":"Yue Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-0272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003861036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124704065"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":151.6027,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":452,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99986765,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.9202495217323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8089439868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7476308941841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.611785888671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5825443863868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.580746591091156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5765640735626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5161565542221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4648268520832062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4124622046947479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.9202495217323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8089439868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7476308941841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.611785888671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5825443863868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.580746591091156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5765640735626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5161565542221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4648268520832062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4124622046947479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391514872.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":176,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16016350","https://openalex.org/W40976687","https://openalex.org/W1597576211","https://openalex.org/W1601124178","https://openalex.org/W1666984270","https://openalex.org/W1920235975","https://openalex.org/W1965248225","https://openalex.org/W1972014290","https://openalex.org/W2001353114","https://openalex.org/W2019759670","https://openalex.org/W2094318678","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2127979711","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2157881433","https://openalex.org/W2219715551","https://openalex.org/W2253995343","https://openalex.org/W2275445006","https://openalex.org/W2283340597","https://openalex.org/W2295936755","https://openalex.org/W2393319904","https://openalex.org/W2415243320","https://openalex.org/W2564084673","https://openalex.org/W2573524522","https://openalex.org/W2586756136","https://openalex.org/W2605350416","https://openalex.org/W2624211799","https://openalex.org/W2625064764","https://openalex.org/W2753526808","https://openalex.org/W2765741717","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2767216467","https://openalex.org/W2767404761","https://openalex.org/W2778685442","https://openalex.org/W2783074568","https://openalex.org/W2788728386","https://openalex.org/W2789436454","https://openalex.org/W2795147830","https://openalex.org/W2808409763","https://openalex.org/W2883554196","https://openalex.org/W2890474333","https://openalex.org/W2898760173","https://openalex.org/W2900507847","https://openalex.org/W2909444216","https://openalex.org/W2911419410","https://openalex.org/W2912918611","https://openalex.org/W2914440876","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2944603198","https://openalex.org/W2962975498","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963045681","https://openalex.org/W2963046541","https://openalex.org/W2963085847","https://openalex.org/W2963858765","https://openalex.org/W2964219393","https://openalex.org/W2965891128","https://openalex.org/W2969521304","https://openalex.org/W2970845521","https://openalex.org/W2973351188","https://openalex.org/W2984343629","https://openalex.org/W2984419450","https://openalex.org/W2992956318","https://openalex.org/W2998506103","https://openalex.org/W3011869934","https://openalex.org/W3012477601","https://openalex.org/W3012918605","https://openalex.org/W3027898822","https://openalex.org/W3034650337","https://openalex.org/W3034995119","https://openalex.org/W3040266635","https://openalex.org/W3045779019","https://openalex.org/W3048728933","https://openalex.org/W3082851515","https://openalex.org/W3085482458","https://openalex.org/W3091363679","https://openalex.org/W3097119557","https://openalex.org/W3102094077","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3111082827","https://openalex.org/W3112108839","https://openalex.org/W3113310528","https://openalex.org/W3117762922","https://openalex.org/W3119928376","https://openalex.org/W3120671187","https://openalex.org/W3124675547","https://openalex.org/W3124883010","https://openalex.org/W3132799678","https://openalex.org/W3135550350","https://openalex.org/W3144293453","https://openalex.org/W3150316110","https://openalex.org/W3161550781","https://openalex.org/W3174500793","https://openalex.org/W3185551177","https://openalex.org/W3190214474","https://openalex.org/W3196621564","https://openalex.org/W3197227262","https://openalex.org/W3202669580","https://openalex.org/W3203412535","https://openalex.org/W3204294171","https://openalex.org/W3205893516","https://openalex.org/W3208637248","https://openalex.org/W3209545775","https://openalex.org/W3209642584","https://openalex.org/W3216102762","https://openalex.org/W3216337268","https://openalex.org/W3217030260","https://openalex.org/W4200070673","https://openalex.org/W4200171560","https://openalex.org/W4200425618","https://openalex.org/W4205365495","https://openalex.org/W4206314950","https://openalex.org/W4206620949","https://openalex.org/W4212876221","https://openalex.org/W4213018796","https://openalex.org/W4214867578","https://openalex.org/W4220991197","https://openalex.org/W4221094122","https://openalex.org/W4221136930","https://openalex.org/W4224003140","https://openalex.org/W4224013576","https://openalex.org/W4226184099","https://openalex.org/W4229008816","https://openalex.org/W4252374882","https://openalex.org/W4281262816","https://openalex.org/W4281552029","https://openalex.org/W4282980030","https://openalex.org/W4283385634","https://openalex.org/W4285204176","https://openalex.org/W4286256931","https://openalex.org/W4287322212","https://openalex.org/W4287881536","https://openalex.org/W4288042585","https://openalex.org/W4290876361","https://openalex.org/W4292348150","https://openalex.org/W4307257042","https://openalex.org/W4307957512","https://openalex.org/W4308080809","https://openalex.org/W4308906783","https://openalex.org/W4309776982","https://openalex.org/W4310147672","https://openalex.org/W4312262772","https://openalex.org/W4313130890","https://openalex.org/W4313468481","https://openalex.org/W4316653643","https://openalex.org/W4317233797","https://openalex.org/W4317382435","https://openalex.org/W4317906248","https://openalex.org/W4319990329","https://openalex.org/W4321372616","https://openalex.org/W4323545743","https://openalex.org/W4360764569","https://openalex.org/W4363650848","https://openalex.org/W4365790188","https://openalex.org/W4372260197","https://openalex.org/W4376646226","https://openalex.org/W4377009115","https://openalex.org/W4379380529","https://openalex.org/W4380685430","https://openalex.org/W4380742369","https://openalex.org/W4381251322","https://openalex.org/W4382722605","https://openalex.org/W4383750093","https://openalex.org/W4383890131","https://openalex.org/W4385310605","https://openalex.org/W4385764089","https://openalex.org/W4385958045","https://openalex.org/W4386323097","https://openalex.org/W4386934121","https://openalex.org/W4386986790","https://openalex.org/W4387309424","https://openalex.org/W6600050674","https://openalex.org/W6600376255","https://openalex.org/W6600654476","https://openalex.org/W6762050013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186512740","https://openalex.org/W2669956259","https://openalex.org/W4249005693","https://openalex.org/W4310873165","https://openalex.org/W3194885736","https://openalex.org/W4363671829","https://openalex.org/W4392946183","https://openalex.org/W2355395139","https://openalex.org/W3088732000","https://openalex.org/W4285596704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Autoencoders":[1],"have":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,22,37,42,62,85],"hot":[5],"researched":[6],"topic":[7],"in":[8,110],"unsupervised":[9],"learning":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,15,35,55],"their":[13,78,91],"ability":[14],"learn":[16],"data":[17],"features":[18],"and":[19,51,77,93,95,98,127,138],"act":[20],"as":[21],"dimensionality":[23],"reduction":[24],"method.":[25],"With":[26],"rapid":[27],"evolution":[28],"of":[29,65,71,74,87,108,134,143],"autoencoder":[30,76,136],"methods,":[31],"there":[32],"has":[33],"yet":[34],"be":[36],"complete":[38],"study":[39],"that":[40],"provides":[41],"full":[43],"autoencoders":[44,88,109],"roadmap":[45],"for":[46],"both":[47],"stimulating":[48],"technical":[49],"improvements":[50],"orienting":[52],"research":[53],"newbies":[54],"autoencoders.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,104,130],"present":[61],"comprehensive":[63],"survey":[64],"autoencoders,":[66],"starting":[67],"with":[68],"an":[69],"explanation":[70],"the":[72,100,106,132,140,144],"principle":[73],"conventional":[75],"primary":[79],"development":[80],"process.":[81],"We":[82],"then":[83],"provide":[84],"taxonomy":[86],"based":[89],"on":[90],"structures":[92],"principles":[94],"thoroughly":[96],"analyze":[97],"discuss":[99,139],"related":[101],"models.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"review":[105],"applications":[107],"various":[111],"fields,":[112],"including":[113],"machine":[114],"vision,":[115],"natural":[116],"language":[117],"processing,":[118],"complex":[119],"network,":[120],"recommender":[121],"system,":[122],"speech":[123],"process,":[124],"anomaly":[125],"detection,":[126],"others.":[128],"Lastly,":[129],"summarize":[131],"limitations":[133],"current":[135],"algorithms":[137],"future":[141],"directions":[142],"field.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":285},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}