{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1562567929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","title":"Large Vocabulary On-Line Handwriting Recognition with Context Dependent Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Large Vocabulary On-Line Handwriting Recognition with Context Dependent Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1562567929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","mag":"1562567929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235615","display_name":"Informatik aktuell","issn_l":"1431-472X","issn":["1431-472X","2628-8958"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatik aktuell","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051868684","display_name":"A. Kosmala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102195","display_name":"Mercator Institute for China Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/017jr1555","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Kosmala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108524404","display_name":"J. Rottland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102195","display_name":"Mercator Institute for China Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/017jr1555","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joerg Rottland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039092855","display_name":"Gerhard Rigoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-1596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102195","display_name":"Mercator Institute for China Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/017jr1555","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Rigoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, BC, 47057, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Computer Science, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051868684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102195","https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19588361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"254","last_page":"261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8297256231307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.778128981590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.7633712887763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.7026330828666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6910890340805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6534299850463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6374959349632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5935108065605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5471261739730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.46358439326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.461199015378952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.4600309133529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.4243812561035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.21837756037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.16261014342308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11002206802368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.08656761050224304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8297256231307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.778128981590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7633712887763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7026330828666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6910890340805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6534299850463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6374959349632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5935108065605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5471261739730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.46358439326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.461199015378952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.4600309133529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.4243812561035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.21837756037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.16261014342308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11002206802368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.08656761050224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235615","display_name":"Informatik aktuell","issn_l":"1431-472X","issn":["1431-472X","2628-8958"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatik aktuell","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.41.530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.fb9-ti.uni-duisburg.de/publ/97/dagm97-handwriting.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206545267","https://openalex.org/W1889806645","https://openalex.org/W2057683768","https://openalex.org/W2058813116","https://openalex.org/W2105355661","https://openalex.org/W2116952749","https://openalex.org/W2121879775","https://openalex.org/W2134467827","https://openalex.org/W2151801631","https://openalex.org/W2156154534","https://openalex.org/W4236088841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W4245698648","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2401394187","https://openalex.org/W2405257913","https://openalex.org/W2787081548"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
