{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297888977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1","title":"Autonomous Driving in Urban Environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge","display_name":"Autonomous Driving in Urban Environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297888977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185684","display_name":"Springer tracts in advanced robotics","issn_l":"1610-742X","issn":["1610-742X","1610-7438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111939667","display_name":"Chris Urmson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Urmson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036039027","display_name":"Joshua Anhalt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Anhalt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068711969","display_name":"Drew Bagnell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew Bagnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083966468","display_name":"Christopher Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-5087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014475747","display_name":"Robert Bittner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Bittner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030925964","display_name":"Michael Clark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015076162","display_name":"John M. Dolan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-100X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Dolan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108909231","display_name":"Dave Duggins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Duggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013855514","display_name":"Tugrul Galatali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tugrul Galatali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083836611","display_name":"Chris Geyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Geyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061299201","display_name":"Michele Gittleman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Gittleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006418768","display_name":"Sam Harbaugh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Harbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075246991","display_name":"Martial Hebert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-5930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martial Hebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002064705","display_name":"Thomas M. Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4904-375X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026074170","display_name":"Sascha Kolski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Kolski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060784490","display_name":"Alonzo Kelly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alonzo Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103257510","display_name":"Maxim Likhachev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-2398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Likhachev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112866349","display_name":"Matt McNaughton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt McNaughton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113857643","display_name":"Nick Miller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103924448","display_name":"Kevin Peterson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083341508","display_name":"Brian Pilnick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Pilnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101798262","display_name":"Raj Rajkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-7259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Rajkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061214445","display_name":"Paul E. Rybski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Rybski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035017299","display_name":"Bryan Salesky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Salesky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103060103","display_name":"Young\u2010Woo Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Woo Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641190","display_name":"Sanjiv Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjiv Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078998239","display_name":"Jarrod Snider","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jarrod Snider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035860678","display_name":"Anthony Stentz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Stentz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112052084","display_name":"William \u201cRed\u201d Whittaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William \u201cRed\u201d Whittaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038482656","display_name":"Ziv Wolkowicki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziv Wolkowicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037969179","display_name":"Jason Ziglar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-2290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Ziglar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112569875","display_name":"Hong Bae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114911386","display_name":"Thomas D. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085876485","display_name":"Daniel Demitrish","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Demitrish","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009781148","display_name":"Bakhtiar Litkouhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bakhtiar Litkouhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014554497","display_name":"Jim Nickolaou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Nickolaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000775165","display_name":"Varsha Sadekar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varsha Sadekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101462548","display_name":"Wende Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wende Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002841982","display_name":"Joshua Struble","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Struble","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research and Development Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070174568","display_name":"Michael J. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2755-7314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299951241","display_name":"Caterpillar (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01qhm7e49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299951241"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Caterpillar Inc. Peoria, Illinois, 61656"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Caterpillar Inc. Peoria, Illinois, 61656","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299951241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023648450","display_name":"Michael Darms","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161667","display_name":"Continental (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yhca997","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147869694","https://openalex.org/I4210161667"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Darms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Continental AG Auburn Hills, Michigan, 48326"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continental AG Auburn Hills, Michigan, 48326","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110331104","display_name":"Dave Ferguson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Ferguson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Research Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Research Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":42,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111939667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.3851,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":204,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boss","display_name":"Boss","score":0.947266697883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.595882773399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.5055034160614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5029892325401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49209803342819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4695264399051666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.4632185101509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.39897802472114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39668792486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.39083272218704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3418373465538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22230947017669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15464642643928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.10310095548629761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777020290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4947493","display_name":"Boss","level":2,"score":0.947266697883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.595882773399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.5055034160614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5029892325401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49209803342819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4695264399051666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.4632185101509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.39897802472114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39668792486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.39083272218704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3418373465538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22230947017669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15464642643928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.10310095548629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185684","display_name":"Springer tracts in advanced robotics","issn_l":"1610-742X","issn":["1610-742X","1610-7438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569563930","https://openalex.org/W2058751655","https://openalex.org/W2095905764","https://openalex.org/W2097856935","https://openalex.org/W2098450792","https://openalex.org/W2137401668","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W2157664516","https://openalex.org/W2161799334","https://openalex.org/W2163411428","https://openalex.org/W2168720173","https://openalex.org/W2171072057","https://openalex.org/W2286900022","https://openalex.org/W3083265500","https://openalex.org/W4205662233","https://openalex.org/W4255272544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3210524396","https://openalex.org/W2136244850","https://openalex.org/W1496945489","https://openalex.org/W1996775904","https://openalex.org/W2092774949","https://openalex.org/W3007787046","https://openalex.org/W135799652","https://openalex.org/W4240792019","https://openalex.org/W2384794170","https://openalex.org/W2376068818"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
