{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1565361209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","title":"Quantum Merlin-Arthur Proof Systems: Are Multiple Merlins More Helpful to Arthur?","display_name":"Quantum Merlin-Arthur Proof Systems: Are Multiple Merlins More Helpful to Arthur?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1565361209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","mag":"1565361209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104493019","display_name":"Hirotada Kobayashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hirotada Kobayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan","Quantum Computation and Information Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 5-28-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Computation and Information Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 5-28-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102839857","display_name":"Keiji Matsumoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiji Matsumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundations of Information Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan","Quantum Computation and Information Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 5-28-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundations of Information Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Computation and Information Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 5-28-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085555714","display_name":"Tomoyuki Yamakami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4842-4841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoyuki Yamakami","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104493019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77086989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.8798346519470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.742207407951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.6108989715576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.504391074180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-proof","display_name":"Direct proof","score":0.44299226999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-complexity","display_name":"Proof complexity","score":0.4337453544139862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.33648669719696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2910473942756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.23554518818855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1648649275302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06410622596740723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.8798346519470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.742207407951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6108989715576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.504391074180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161505775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240280","display_name":"Direct proof","level":2,"score":0.44299226999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105605280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249999","display_name":"Proof complexity","level":3,"score":0.4337453544139862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.33648669719696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2910473942756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23554518818855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1648649275302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06410622596740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24587-2_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3697511","https://openalex.org/W1555499558","https://openalex.org/W1627385003","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1667728213","https://openalex.org/W1668036065","https://openalex.org/W1669113757","https://openalex.org/W1678440726","https://openalex.org/W1848471706","https://openalex.org/W1965445411","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1982248598","https://openalex.org/W1982283204","https://openalex.org/W1988155384","https://openalex.org/W1989051052","https://openalex.org/W1993688167","https://openalex.org/W1994544071","https://openalex.org/W2006290558","https://openalex.org/W2010699490","https://openalex.org/W2017899870","https://openalex.org/W2024411274","https://openalex.org/W2025994943","https://openalex.org/W2028406173","https://openalex.org/W2032882490","https://openalex.org/W2033439890","https://openalex.org/W2033909248","https://openalex.org/W2043280328","https://openalex.org/W2071083341","https://openalex.org/W2084019889","https://openalex.org/W2095618864","https://openalex.org/W2096390054","https://openalex.org/W2097206148","https://openalex.org/W2101654410","https://openalex.org/W2105038944","https://openalex.org/W2108371686","https://openalex.org/W2111166346","https://openalex.org/W2119407990","https://openalex.org/W2119901068","https://openalex.org/W2125056957","https://openalex.org/W2128933358","https://openalex.org/W2129261735","https://openalex.org/W2148957455","https://openalex.org/W2158747250","https://openalex.org/W2160083149","https://openalex.org/W2167927798","https://openalex.org/W2171847006","https://openalex.org/W2764347725","https://openalex.org/W2798486685","https://openalex.org/W2913788899","https://openalex.org/W2951054288","https://openalex.org/W2951730160","https://openalex.org/W2953021717","https://openalex.org/W2998808137","https://openalex.org/W3037687232","https://openalex.org/W3143400115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950202488","https://openalex.org/W2604424424","https://openalex.org/W187835144","https://openalex.org/W315696179","https://openalex.org/W4390542336","https://openalex.org/W1586813864","https://openalex.org/W2465546786","https://openalex.org/W1490847896","https://openalex.org/W1988045573","https://openalex.org/W3037184231"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}