{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126045852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1","title":"Hardness Sampling: Exploring Instance Hardness in\u00a0Pool-Based Active Learning","display_name":"Hardness Sampling: Exploring Instance Hardness in\u00a0Pool-Based Active Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126045852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124189467","display_name":"Gabriel da S. C. Nogueira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel da S. C. Nogueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil","Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124247833","display_name":"Davi P. dos Santos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davi P. dos Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Department of Computing, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Medianeira, PR, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Department of Computing, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Medianeira, PR, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079499583","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 C. P. L. F. de Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 C. P. L F. de Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079832994","display_name":"Lu\u00eds P. F. Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0679-9143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds P. F. Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124189467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083","https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51793509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.8248000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.8248000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.08810000121593475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.019500000402331352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representativeness-heuristic","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.48730000853538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6807000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120894424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory data analysis","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-15984-7_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603830301","https://openalex.org/W1599935123","https://openalex.org/W1853307972","https://openalex.org/W1967594194","https://openalex.org/W1975672287","https://openalex.org/W1994757995","https://openalex.org/W2000950277","https://openalex.org/W2012878613","https://openalex.org/W2022477494","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2056884786","https://openalex.org/W2141766660","https://openalex.org/W2169816580","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2295738466","https://openalex.org/W2951911250","https://openalex.org/W2973136425","https://openalex.org/W3096328115","https://openalex.org/W3188648403","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4283318985","https://openalex.org/W4298132949","https://openalex.org/W4300485818","https://openalex.org/W4380994091","https://openalex.org/W4385740286","https://openalex.org/W4387527902","https://openalex.org/W4388655701","https://openalex.org/W4401215432"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-01T03:34:12.195049","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}