{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384521943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","title":"nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to\u00a0Temporal Logics with\u00a0Large Language Models","display_name":"nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to\u00a0Temporal Logics with\u00a0Large Language Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384521943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062113907","display_name":"Matthias Cosler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3984-0997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Cosler","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051674745","display_name":"Christopher Hahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-6341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025688098","display_name":"Daniel Mendoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-7362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Mendoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102938426","display_name":"Frederik Schmitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7106-3725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederik Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070082070","display_name":"Caroline Trippel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Trippel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051674745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":82.6929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99981481,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"383","last_page":"396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9106875658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.6866413950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6681268215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6621729731559753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5434882640838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48858174681663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4278607666492462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4196043014526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-language","display_name":"Formal language","score":0.4183775782585144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9106875658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.6866413950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6681268215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6621729731559753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5434882640838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48858174681663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4278607666492462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4196043014526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.4183775782585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37703-7_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384521943.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567973435","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1688777878","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2023808162","https://openalex.org/W2088655521","https://openalex.org/W2152863619","https://openalex.org/W2159958244","https://openalex.org/W2807172739","https://openalex.org/W2963088785","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3107164050","https://openalex.org/W3178940883","https://openalex.org/W3200853289","https://openalex.org/W4230220072","https://openalex.org/W4242741415","https://openalex.org/W4284699363","https://openalex.org/W4382463985","https://openalex.org/W4384521943","https://openalex.org/W6600741150","https://openalex.org/W6602087570","https://openalex.org/W6702248584","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6949881694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516679419","https://openalex.org/W190396239","https://openalex.org/W2592399342","https://openalex.org/W2125996595","https://openalex.org/W1559579193","https://openalex.org/W2138398927","https://openalex.org/W2049993111","https://openalex.org/W2323519609","https://openalex.org/W2240208030","https://openalex.org/W2153406043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"rigorous":[2],"formalization":[3,87],"of":[4,20,73,85,95,158],"desired":[5],"system":[6,74],"requirements":[7,75],"is":[8,27,111,121],"indispensable":[9],"when":[10],"performing":[11],"any":[12],"verification":[13,21],"task.":[14,33],"This":[15],"often":[16],"limits":[17],"the":[18,70,86,90,96,116,156],"application":[19,125],"techniques,":[22],"as":[23],"writing":[24],"formal":[25,50],"specifications":[26,51],"an":[28,162],"error-prone":[29],"and":[30,68,102,127,135],"time-consuming":[31],"manual":[32],"To":[34],"facilitate":[35],"this,":[36],"we":[37,61,79,150],"present":[38],",":[39],"a":[40,63,141,146,166],"framework":[41,120],"for":[42],"applying":[43],"Large":[44],"Language":[45],"Models":[46],"(LLMs)":[47],"to":[48,66,82,89,106,123,131,144,152],"derive":[49],"(in":[52],"temporal":[53],"logics)":[54],"from":[55],"unstructured":[56],"natural":[57,77,92],"language.":[58],"In":[59],"particular,":[60],"introduce":[62],"new":[64,136],"methodology":[65],"detect":[67],"resolve":[69],"inherent":[71],"ambiguity":[72],"in":[76],"language:":[78],"utilize":[80],"LLMs":[81],"map":[83],"subformulas":[84],"back":[88],"corresponding":[91],"language":[93],"fragments":[94],"input.":[97],"Users":[98],"iteratively":[99],"add,":[100],"delete,":[101],"edit":[103],"these":[104],"sub-translations":[105],"amend":[107],"erroneous":[108],"formalizations,":[109],"which":[110,149],"easier":[112],"than":[113],"manually":[114],"redrafting":[115],"entire":[117],"formalization.":[118],"The":[119],"agnostic":[122],"specific":[124],"domains":[126],"can":[128],"be":[129],"extended":[130],"similar":[132],"specification":[133],"languages":[134],"neural":[137],"models.":[138],"We":[139,160],"perform":[140],"user":[142],"study":[143],"obtain":[145],"challenging":[147],"dataset,":[148],"use":[151],"run":[153],"experiments":[154],"on":[155],"quality":[157],"translations.":[159],"provide":[161],"open-source":[163],"implementation,":[164],"including":[165],"web-based":[167],"frontend.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
