{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900641835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","title":"Causal Inference by String Diagram Surgery","display_name":"Causal Inference by String Diagram Surgery","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900641835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","mag":"2900641835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17127-8_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17127-8_18.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102972733","display_name":"Bart Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-0336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bart Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","Radboud University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023841122","display_name":"Aleks Kissinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6090-9684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleks Kissinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","Radboud University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016173850","display_name":"Fabio Zanasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-1345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Zanasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK","University College London\u2020"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London\u2020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102972733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.5508,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64185426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"313","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.5924144387245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5180444717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.515698254108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5064629316329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4928419589996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4705275297164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functor","display_name":"Functor","score":0.44729477167129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.41179633140563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.408566415309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37580692768096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3347378969192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3267386555671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.2843116521835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14392074942588806}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5924144387245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5180444717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.515698254108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5064629316329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4928419589996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4705275297164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156772000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864475","display_name":"Functor","level":2,"score":0.44729477167129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.41179633140563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.408566415309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37580692768096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3347378969192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3267386555671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2843116521835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14392074942588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17127-8_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.08338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08338","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2900641835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10071874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10071874/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In: Boja\u0144czyk, M and Simpson, A, (eds.) Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures.  (pp. pp. 313-329).  Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland. (2019)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/204510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/204510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bojanczyk, M. (ed.), Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 22nd International Conference, FOSSACS 2019, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6\u201311, 2019, Proceedings, 313 - 329. Cham : Springer","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.08338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.08338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17127-8_18","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17127-8_18.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6437031456","display_name":"Enhanced Formal Reasoning for Algebraic Network Theory","funder_award_id":"EP/R020604/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6899676773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R020604/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900641835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900641835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1036779541","https://openalex.org/W1486066286","https://openalex.org/W1490034338","https://openalex.org/W1504043989","https://openalex.org/W1673419196","https://openalex.org/W1968493380","https://openalex.org/W1968495841","https://openalex.org/W1992816730","https://openalex.org/W1993661095","https://openalex.org/W1999740633","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2075559629","https://openalex.org/W2107674601","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2157529132","https://openalex.org/W2160571844","https://openalex.org/W2473976255","https://openalex.org/W2526522103","https://openalex.org/W2527761895","https://openalex.org/W2571843382","https://openalex.org/W2750587176","https://openalex.org/W2773827414","https://openalex.org/W2796158284","https://openalex.org/W2964217961","https://openalex.org/W3023699883","https://openalex.org/W3099661673","https://openalex.org/W3103473269","https://openalex.org/W3105507374","https://openalex.org/W3106490617","https://openalex.org/W3133236490","https://openalex.org/W4234337443","https://openalex.org/W6600719526","https://openalex.org/W6636400351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949728642","https://openalex.org/W2140103412","https://openalex.org/W2109779946","https://openalex.org/W2963575115","https://openalex.org/W2965595059","https://openalex.org/W2795329138","https://openalex.org/W2485906690","https://openalex.org/W83659058","https://openalex.org/W2949722075","https://openalex.org/W2109826876","https://openalex.org/W2579433038","https://openalex.org/W2071616879","https://openalex.org/W2964675024","https://openalex.org/W213394602","https://openalex.org/W2988067682","https://openalex.org/W3733054","https://openalex.org/W2756340725","https://openalex.org/W2404089993","https://openalex.org/W2246060112","https://openalex.org/W2595250759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Extracting":[1],"causal":[2,61,162,202],"relationships":[3],"from":[4,23,132],"observed":[5,133],"correlations":[6],"is":[7,63,71,124,139],"a":[8,30,37,69,75,112,146,157,172,194],"growing":[9],"area":[10],"in":[11,57,109,121,141,168,200],"probabilistic":[12],"reasoning,":[13],"originating":[14],"with":[15],"the":[16,24,58,85,100,117,161,169,201],"seminal":[17],"work":[18],"of":[19,60,65,79,87,103,164,171,197],"Pearl":[20],"and":[21,44],"others":[22],"early":[25],"1990s.":[26],"This":[27,106],"paper":[28],"develops":[29],"new,":[31,113],"categorically":[32],"oriented":[33],"view":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,156,166],"clear":[38],"distinction":[39],"between":[40],"syntax":[41],"(string":[42],"diagrams)":[43],"semantics":[45],"(stochastic":[46],"matrices),":[47],"connected":[48],"via":[49,116],"interpretations":[50],"as":[51,91],"structure-preserving":[52],"functors.":[53],"A":[54],"key":[55],"notion":[56],"identification":[59],"effects":[62],"that":[64,137,181],"an":[66,89,92],"intervention,":[67],"whereby":[68],"variable":[70],"forcefully":[72],"set":[73],"to":[74,127,193],"particular":[76],"value":[77],"independent":[78],"any":[80],"prior":[81],"dependencies.":[82],"We":[83,152,176],"represent":[84],"effect":[86,163],"such":[88],"intervention":[90],"endofunctor":[93],"which":[94,191],"performs":[95],"\u2018string":[96],"diagram":[97,107],"surgery\u2019":[98],"within":[99],"syntactic":[101],"category":[102],"string":[104],"diagrams.":[105],"surgery":[108],"turn":[110],"yields":[111],"interventional":[114,129],"distribution":[115],"interpretation":[118],"functor.":[119],"While":[120],"general":[122],"there":[123],"no":[125],"way":[126],"compute":[128],"distributions":[130],"purely":[131],"data,":[134],"we":[135],"show":[136],"this":[138,154,182],"possible":[140],"certain":[142],"special":[143],"cases":[144],"using":[145],"calculational":[147],"tool":[148],"called":[149],"comb":[150],"disintegration.":[151],"showcase":[153],"technique":[155,183],"well-known":[158],"example,":[159],"predicting":[160],"smoking":[165],"cancer":[167],"presence":[170],"confounding":[173],"common":[174],"cause.":[175],"then":[177],"conclude":[178],"by":[179],"showing":[180],"provides":[184],"simple":[185],"sufficient":[186],"conditions":[187],"for":[188],"computing":[189],"interventions":[190],"apply":[192],"wide":[195],"variety":[196],"situations":[198],"considered":[199],"inference":[203],"literature.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}