{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4254559856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65","title":"Approximation","display_name":"Approximation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4254559856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418272","display_name":"Encyclopedia of GIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of GIS","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034752274","display_name":"Thomas Bittner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4204-1532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115441956","display_name":"Buffalo State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ms04m92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115441956"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Bittner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy; Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA","Department of Philosophy","Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy; Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I115441956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087611194","display_name":"John G. Stell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-1908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John G. Stell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034752274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I115441956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48519362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.332643985748291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.332643985748291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418272","display_name":"Encyclopedia of GIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of GIS","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W276045325","https://openalex.org/W1506480041","https://openalex.org/W1545989657","https://openalex.org/W1870618159","https://openalex.org/W2016487173","https://openalex.org/W2079221144","https://openalex.org/W2166937888","https://openalex.org/W2340020088","https://openalex.org/W4231375480","https://openalex.org/W4232953319","https://openalex.org/W4248025726","https://openalex.org/W4255833381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}