{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162567670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","title":"RobeTimeVis: accurate and robust min-entropy estimation via cross-modal semantic-visual fusion and adaptive multi-bit profiling","display_name":"RobeTimeVis: accurate and robust min-entropy estimation via cross-modal semantic-visual fusion and adaptive multi-bit profiling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162567670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113091997","display_name":"Haokang Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haokang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066586188","display_name":"Yiliang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiliang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137184351","display_name":"Xuguang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuguang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137099425","display_name":"Shuaishuai Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaishuai Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptography Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633632","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114378267","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9205-1881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066586188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"],"apc_list":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"apc_paid":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51859172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.6116999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.6116999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.14139999449253082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.07580000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.3610999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95546049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345207","display_name":"Entropy estimation","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020402766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104376712","display_name":"Prior information","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2104baa60fad4005a8fc250b780f8955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2104baa60fad4005a8fc250b780f8955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 6 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00869-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857692135","https://openalex.org/W1955857676","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2081681829","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101774955","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2169455260","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2219499198","https://openalex.org/W2462319218","https://openalex.org/W2587389884","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2696718061","https://openalex.org/W2811230938","https://openalex.org/W2907263986","https://openalex.org/W2962734301","https://openalex.org/W2980088508","https://openalex.org/W2980868061","https://openalex.org/W3091963153","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W4312671791","https://openalex.org/W4318586197","https://openalex.org/W4401726050","https://openalex.org/W4407082135"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,48,63,81,106,181,183,207,217,241,252,296],"robust":[2],"min-entropy":[3,152,200],"evaluation":[4,280],"is":[5,303],"essential":[6],"for":[7,135,151,160,169,188,229],"assessing":[8],"the":[9,28,35,41,44,73,221,244,262,286],"security":[10],"of":[11,43,75,102,119],"random":[12],"number":[13],"generators,":[14],"yet":[15],"existing":[16],"learning-based":[17],"estimators":[18],"still":[19],"face":[20],"two":[21],"major":[22],"limitations.":[23],"First,":[24],"most":[25],"methods":[26,56],"fix":[27],"prediction":[29,46],"target":[30,36,111,123,218],"at":[31],"8":[32],"bits,":[33,257],"although":[34],"bit":[37,124,219],"width":[38],"directly":[39],"determines":[40],"granularity":[42,112],"induced":[45],"space":[47],"can":[49,113],"substantially":[50],"affect":[51],"estimation":[52],"accuracy.":[53],"Second,":[54],"many":[55],"are":[57,246],"evaluated":[58],"only":[59],"on":[60,85,192,264],"either":[61],"independent":[62],"identically":[64],"distributed":[65],"sources":[66,88,196],"or":[67],"correlated":[68],"non-independent":[69],"sources,":[70],"which":[71],"limits":[72],"evidence":[74],"robustness":[76,208],"across":[77,209],"heterogeneous":[78,210],"statistical":[79,211],"regimes":[80],"leaves":[82],"their":[83],"behavior":[84],"real-world":[86,265],"black-box":[87,270,279],"insufficiently":[89],"understood.":[90],"To":[91],"address":[92],"these":[93],"issues,":[94],"this":[95,142],"paper":[96],"first":[97],"presents":[98],"a":[99,109,116,131,137,147,156,164,184,269,276],"theoretical":[100,199],"analysis":[101],"adaptive":[103,288],"target-bit":[104],"selection":[105],"shows":[107],"that":[108,202,285],"fixed":[110],"lead":[114],"to":[115,128,233,249,255],"non-negligible":[117],"loss":[118],"accuracy,":[120],"whereas":[121],"profiling":[122,289],"widths":[125],"from":[126,173,226,247,253],"1":[127],"16":[129],"provides":[130],"more":[132],"principled":[133],"basis":[134],"identifying":[136],"suitable":[138],"operating":[139],"point.":[140],"On":[141,236],"basis,":[143],"we":[144],"propose":[145],"RobeTimeVis,":[146],"cross-modal":[148,185],"semantic\u2013visual":[149],"framework":[150,263,290],"evaluation.":[153],"RobeTimeVis":[154,203],"combines":[155],"RoBERTa-based":[157],"semantic":[158],"encoder":[159,168],"modeling":[161],"sequence-level":[162],"dependence,":[163],"lightweight":[165],"Tiny-ViT":[166],"visual":[167],"extracting":[170],"structural":[171],"information":[172],"multi-channel":[174],"time-series":[175],"images":[176],"constructed":[177],"by":[178],"GAF,":[179],"MTF,":[180],"RP,":[182],"attention":[186],"module":[187],"representation":[189],"fusion.":[190],"Experiments":[191],"18":[193],"simulated":[194],"entropy":[195],"with":[197,272],"known":[198],"show":[201,284],"improves":[204],"both":[205],"accuracy":[206],"regimes.":[212],"Aggregated":[213],"over":[214],"all":[215],"datasets":[216],"widths,":[220],"mean":[222],"absolute":[223],"error":[224],"decreases":[225],"3.453":[227],"bits":[228,251],"NIST":[230],"SP":[231],"800-90B":[232],"0.722":[234],"bits.":[235],"generalized":[237],"binary":[238],"autoregressive":[239],"processes":[240],"high-degree":[242],"m-sequences,":[243],"reductions":[245],"6.379":[248],"0.017":[250],"6.785":[254],"0.566":[256],"respectively.":[258],"We":[259],"further":[260],"evaluate":[261],"Random.org":[266],"data":[267],"under":[268],"setting":[271],"unknown":[273],"min-entropy,":[274],"using":[275],"practical":[277],"conservative":[278],"criterion.":[281],"The":[282],"results":[283],"same":[287],"remains":[291],"applicable":[292],"beyond":[293],"controlled":[294],"benchmarks":[295],"supports":[297],"deployment-oriented":[298],"assessment":[299],"when":[300],"ground":[301],"truth":[302],"unavailable.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}