{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162652274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","title":"BotEvo: LLM-Driven social bot detection via behavioral evolution modeling and cross-modal fusion","display_name":"BotEvo: LLM-Driven social bot detection via behavioral evolution modeling and cross-modal fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162652274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053312251","display_name":"Y Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137299363","display_name":"Kai Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101616089","display_name":"Shuhao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124118423","display_name":"Jiaxin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413276","display_name":"Liu Z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-6493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137288979","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137293590","display_name":"Lei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137212052","display_name":"Bin Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligence, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137293590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"apc_paid":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57034986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.36239999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.36239999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.18170000612735748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.16740000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-mechanism","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-modeling","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","score":0.32899999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7296000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6898999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67469775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304922","display_name":"Social dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c578e7507b2b4e68a9dc528ad4e83ad4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c578e7507b2b4e68a9dc528ad4e83ad4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 6 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00814-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7228672504425049,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2263846226","https://openalex.org/W2710240177","https://openalex.org/W2769056027","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2900681641","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2945822178","https://openalex.org/W2997788455","https://openalex.org/W3010115535","https://openalex.org/W3035082952","https://openalex.org/W3041367927","https://openalex.org/W3102247132","https://openalex.org/W3106914636","https://openalex.org/W3116492894","https://openalex.org/W3175498457","https://openalex.org/W3184158862","https://openalex.org/W3197022418","https://openalex.org/W4200255643","https://openalex.org/W4206070471","https://openalex.org/W4213147383","https://openalex.org/W4226381434","https://openalex.org/W4282982824","https://openalex.org/W4285378361","https://openalex.org/W4308804842","https://openalex.org/W4313572588","https://openalex.org/W4319459434","https://openalex.org/W4380887356","https://openalex.org/W4382248018","https://openalex.org/W4384828840","https://openalex.org/W4385571401","https://openalex.org/W4387848724","https://openalex.org/W4388491879","https://openalex.org/W4389043118","https://openalex.org/W4390722831","https://openalex.org/W4391925527","https://openalex.org/W4391942480","https://openalex.org/W4392384396","https://openalex.org/W4395097571","https://openalex.org/W4398184771","https://openalex.org/W4399121933","https://openalex.org/W4402671815","https://openalex.org/W4404780820","https://openalex.org/W4405239441","https://openalex.org/W4408357845","https://openalex.org/W4409364670","https://openalex.org/W4410087700","https://openalex.org/W4414414352","https://openalex.org/W7133197593"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,82,113],"emergence":[2],"of":[3,84,94,124],"advanced":[4],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10],"ChatGPT,":[11],"state-of-the-art":[12,132],"social":[13,52],"bots":[14],"can":[15],"now":[16],"generate":[17],"coherent":[18],"text,":[19,95],"dynamically":[20],"adapt":[21],"behavioral":[22,68],"patterns,":[23],"and":[24,41,71,97,100,115,126],"mimic":[25],"human":[26],"user":[27],"profiles":[28],"with":[29],"high":[30],"fidelity.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33],"detection":[34,64],"methods":[35],"predominantly":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38,112],"static":[39],"representations":[40],"unimodal":[42],"decision-making":[43],"schemes,":[44],"thereby":[45],"exhibiting":[46],"significant":[47],"limitations":[48],"when":[49],"confronting":[50],"LLM-driven":[51],"bots.":[53],"To":[54],"address":[55],"these":[56],"limitations,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"BotEvo,":[60],"a":[61,76,101],"novel":[62],"bot":[63],"framework":[65],"grounded":[66],"in":[67],"evolution":[69],"modeling":[70],"cross-modal":[72],"fusion.":[73],"BotEvo":[74,120],"integrates":[75],"dynamic":[77],"weighting":[78],"scheme":[79],"to":[80],"quantify":[81],"contribution":[83],"individual":[85],"posts,":[86],"an":[87],"implicit":[88],"gating":[89],"mechanism":[90],"for":[91,106],"deep":[92],"fusion":[93],"behavioral,":[96],"sentiment":[98],"features,":[99],"two-stage":[102],"threshold":[103],"optimization":[104],"strategy":[105],"adaptive,":[107],"risk-stratified":[108],"classification.":[109],"Experimental":[110],"evaluations":[111],"Botsim":[114],"Twibot-20/SDAR":[116],"datasets":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"that":[119],"attains":[121],"F1":[122],"scores":[123],"96.46%":[125],"89.30%,":[127],"respectively,":[128],"consistently":[129],"surpassing":[130],"14":[131],"baselines.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2026-05-29T00:00:00"}