{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147353498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","title":"Ship-SAR: an improved ship image generation framework of synthetic aperture radar via denoising diffusion probabilistic model","display_name":"Ship-SAR: an improved ship image generation framework of synthetic aperture radar via denoising diffusion probabilistic model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147353498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006886898","display_name":"Guodong Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-412X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132636314","display_name":"Kang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077133876","display_name":"Yuanliang Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-4990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanliang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705087","display_name":"Ye Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100744022","display_name":"Nian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-8668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103810830","display_name":"Siyuan Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077133876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40608101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.20329999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.20329999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.17949999868869781,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.1193000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.791700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3662000000476837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.791700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:997fc1edddb745fea4ff3aad5b7f24f2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/997fc1edddb745fea4ff3aad5b7f24f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 5 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00713-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466042992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.2023-JC-QN-0027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8454256094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.12403080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2892123021","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3056736931","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3159136829","https://openalex.org/W3176659256","https://openalex.org/W4318475776","https://openalex.org/W4327652243","https://openalex.org/W4385819914","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4390026323","https://openalex.org/W4390692765","https://openalex.org/W4390745868","https://openalex.org/W4396707964","https://openalex.org/W4400447362","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4406169579","https://openalex.org/W4406389631","https://openalex.org/W4408519595","https://openalex.org/W4410100623","https://openalex.org/W4413147794","https://openalex.org/W4413472331"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,81,95,114,120],"highly":[7],"regarded":[8],"technique":[9],"in":[10,104,180,196,210,241],"the":[11,26,62,67,133,221,231,234,242],"field":[12,243],"of":[13,29,74,182,212,233,244],"remote":[14,38,245],"sensing":[15,39,246],"due":[16],"to":[17,127,147,177,200],"its":[18],"all-weather":[19],"and":[20,41,70,154,187,207,238],"all-time":[21],"imaging":[22],"capabilities.":[23],"To":[24],"address":[25],"limited":[27],"generalization":[28],"SAR":[30,171,204,222,228],"ship":[31,172,223],"detection":[32],"models":[33],"caused":[34],"by":[35,77,79,108,226],"scarce":[36],"public":[37],"data":[40,150],"restricted":[42],"scenarios,":[43],"this":[44,92],"paper":[45,93],"proposes":[46,94],"an":[47,86,143,194,208],"improved":[48],"high-quality":[49],"image":[50,205,236],"generation":[51,167],"framework":[52],"Ship-SAR":[53,141,169,235],"based":[54],"on":[55,202],"Denoising":[56],"Diffusion":[57],"Probabilistic":[58],"Models":[59],"(DDPM).":[60],"Firstly,":[61],"denoising":[63],"network":[64],"UNet":[65],"extracts":[66],"long-tail":[68],"contours":[69],"multi-scale":[71],"texture":[72],"features":[73],"ships":[75],"step":[76,78],"combining":[80],"reparameterization":[82],"multi-branch":[83],"structure":[84],"with":[85],"efficient":[87],"layer":[88],"aggregation":[89],"network.":[90],"Secondly,":[91],"lightweight":[96],"adaptive":[97],"downsampling":[98,106],"module":[99],"that":[100,174,220],"mitigates":[101],"information":[102,112,131],"loss":[103],"traditional":[105],"processes":[107],"retaining":[109],"task-relevant":[110],"semantic":[111],"through":[113],"dynamic":[115],"feature":[116],"selection":[117],"mechanism.":[118],"Additionally,":[119],"depth":[121],"spatial":[122,134],"upsampling":[123],"block":[124],"is":[125],"introduced":[126],"rearrange":[128],"channel":[129],"dimension":[130],"into":[132],"dimension,":[135],"which":[136],"achieves":[137],"resolution":[138],"enhancement.":[139],"Thirdly,":[140],"introduces":[142],"epsilon":[144],"scaling":[145],"strategy":[146],"mitigate":[148],"input":[149],"bias":[151],"between":[152],"training":[153],"sampling":[155],"stages.":[156],"This":[157],"approach":[158],"corrects":[159],"sampled":[160],"trajectories":[161],"without":[162],"requiring":[163],"retraining,":[164],"significantly":[165,229],"enhancing":[166],"quality.":[168],"generates":[170],"images":[173,224],"compare":[175],"favorably":[176],"baseline":[178],"DDPM":[179],"terms":[181],"Fr\u00e9chet":[183],"inception":[184],"distance":[185],"metrics":[186],"structural":[188],"similarity":[189],"index":[190],"measure.":[191],"YOLOv11s":[192],"achieved":[193],"increase":[195,209],"mAP":[197,211],"from":[198],"87.4%":[199],"90.9%":[201],"high-resolution":[203],"datasets":[206],"2.1%":[213],"for":[214],"RTDETR-r50.":[215],"The":[216],"comparative":[217],"results":[218],"show":[219],"generated":[225],"Ship":[227],"improve":[230],"diversity":[232],"dataset":[237],"promote":[239],"progress":[240],"detection.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}