{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139992896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","title":"Efficient transformer-based UAV image object detection network based on convolutional self-attention and matchability-adaptive classification","display_name":"Efficient transformer-based UAV image object detection network based on convolutional self-attention and matchability-adaptive classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139992896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130287868","display_name":"Juxing Di","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100300","display_name":"Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00mpsrh50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161087","display_name":"Hebei University of Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/058ange06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juxing Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart City Perception and Intelligent Computing, Zhangjiakou, China","Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart City Perception and Intelligent Computing, Zhangjiakou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130266646","display_name":"Qing Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161087","display_name":"Hebei University of Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/058ange06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130285774","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100300","display_name":"Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00mpsrh50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161087","display_name":"Hebei University of Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/058ange06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart City Perception and Intelligent Computing, Zhangjiakou, China","Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart City Perception and Intelligent Computing, Zhangjiakou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130285774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100300","https://openalex.org/I4210161087"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28231391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.630299985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.630299985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.017799999564886093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4106999933719635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8129000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6539000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41d2eba0b4af4e15a3f9388e411297df","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41d2eba0b4af4e15a3f9388e411297df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 5 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00621-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2922466521","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2985739927","https://openalex.org/W2989611864","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W3034735326","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3199093552","https://openalex.org/W3205100603","https://openalex.org/W3207918547","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4312312588","https://openalex.org/W4362500600","https://openalex.org/W4362554238","https://openalex.org/W4366598917","https://openalex.org/W4386065740","https://openalex.org/W4386076079","https://openalex.org/W4388517067","https://openalex.org/W4390872521","https://openalex.org/W4400235880","https://openalex.org/W4401371145","https://openalex.org/W4401415788","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4402979889","https://openalex.org/W4403289619","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4405500763","https://openalex.org/W4405838632","https://openalex.org/W4406527266","https://openalex.org/W4409248957","https://openalex.org/W4409784663","https://openalex.org/W4411599505","https://openalex.org/W4411919410","https://openalex.org/W4412718800","https://openalex.org/W4413147183","https://openalex.org/W4413472373","https://openalex.org/W4415225441","https://openalex.org/W4415399960","https://openalex.org/W4416748912"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Accurate":[1],"detection":[2,48],"of":[3,16,94,142],"small":[4,27,225],"objects":[5],"in":[6,219],"complex":[7],"low-altitude":[8],"scenes":[9,221],"is":[10],"crucial":[11],"for":[12,173,231],"the":[13,106,189],"widespread":[14],"deployment":[15],"unmanned":[17],"aerial":[18],"vehicles":[19],"(UAVs).":[20],"However,":[21],"UAV":[22,46,233],"imagery":[23],"often":[24],"suffers":[25],"from":[26],"object":[28,47],"scales,":[29],"cluttered":[30,220],"backgrounds,":[31],"and":[32,53,82,91,123,144,162,170,178,193,197,203,207,213],"challenging":[33],"feature":[34,61],"extraction.":[35],"To":[36],"address":[37],"these":[38],"issues,":[39],"we":[40,57,104,148],"propose":[41,149],"CSMA-DETR,":[42],"an":[43,228],"efficient":[44,140,229],"transformer-based":[45],"network":[49],"with":[50,66,74,135,222],"convolutional":[51,72],"self-attention":[52,73],"matchability-adaptive":[54],"classification.":[55],"First,":[56],"design":[58],"a":[59,124],"novel":[60],"extractor,":[62],"Cross-Spatial":[63],"Emulating":[64],"Self-Attention":[65],"Convolution":[67],"(CESC),":[68],"which":[69],"jointly":[70],"integrates":[71],"spatial-domain":[75],"processing.":[76],"By":[77],"using":[78],"shared":[79],"large":[80],"kernels":[81],"hierarchical":[83],"dynamic":[84],"kernels,":[85],"CESC":[86],"emulates":[87],"long-range":[88],"dependency":[89],"modeling":[90],"instance-adaptive":[92],"behaviors":[93],"self-attention,":[95],"strengthening":[96],"multi-scale":[97,125],"representations":[98],"while":[99,200],"reducing":[100,201],"computational":[101],"cost.":[102],"Second,":[103],"introduce":[105],"Linear":[107],"Patch-Aware":[108],"Attention":[109],"Feature":[110],"Interaction":[111],"(LPAFI)":[112],"module.":[113],"A":[114],"multi-branch":[115],"patch-aware":[116],"attention":[117,127],"mechanism":[118,128],"captures":[119],"cross-scale":[120],"local":[121,132,143],"correspondences,":[122],"linear":[126],"further":[129,215],"fuses":[130],"CNN-style":[131],"detail":[133],"representation":[134],"global":[136,145],"context":[137],"modeling,":[138],"enabling":[139],"integration":[141],"features.":[146],"Finally,":[147],"Matchability-Varifocal":[150],"Loss":[151],"(MVL)":[152],"to":[153,165],"better":[154],"optimize":[155],"low-quality":[156,174],"matched":[157],"samples.":[158],"MVL":[159],"combines":[160],"IoU-aware":[161],"matchability-aware":[163],"weighting":[164],"dynamically":[166],"adjust":[167],"loss":[168],"contributions":[169],"strengthen":[171],"supervision":[172],"samples,":[175],"accelerating":[176],"convergence":[177],"improving":[179,191],"robustness.":[180],"Experiments":[181],"on":[182,211],"VisDrone2019":[183],"show":[184],"that":[185],"CSMA-DETR":[186],"significantly":[187],"outperforms":[188],"baseline,":[190],"mAP50":[192],"mAP50:95":[194],"by":[195,205],"5%":[196],"2%,":[198],"respectively,":[199],"parameters":[202],"computation":[204],"7.0%":[206],"4.6%.":[208],"Additional":[209],"evaluations":[210],"DIOR":[212],"HIT-UAV":[214],"verify":[216],"its":[217],"effectiveness":[218],"densely":[223],"distributed":[224],"objects,":[226],"providing":[227],"solution":[230],"real-time":[232],"detection.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T06:17:17.354583","created_date":"2026-03-22T00:00:00"}
