{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133229685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","title":"A six-dimensional digital twin model for flexible manufacturing systems in engineering education","display_name":"A six-dimensional digital twin model for flexible manufacturing systems in engineering education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133229685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127783597","display_name":"Fan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127855965","display_name":"Feizhou Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feizhou Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091281832","display_name":"Y. Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150405","display_name":"Hongzhiwei Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bapa014","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150405"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinzhi Digital Technology(Suzhou)Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinzhi Digital Technology(Suzhou)Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150405"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127855333","display_name":"Yang Zhuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127791449","display_name":"Jun Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055550921","display_name":"Hongxing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0547-5721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127829396","display_name":"Xiaoxiong Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163926","display_name":"Zhejiang Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h86nk22","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GMT Automation System Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127824694","display_name":"Senyang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Chuanyan Intelligent Technology Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Chuanyan Intelligent Technology Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127863769","display_name":"Xue Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Chuanyan Intelligent Technology Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Chuanyan Intelligent Technology Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127783597","https://openalex.org/A5127855965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163926"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27154706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.8928999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.8928999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.671500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-integrated-manufacturing","display_name":"Computer-integrated manufacturing","score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-representation","display_name":"Virtual representation","score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-manufacturing","display_name":"Digital manufacturing","score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.34150001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.671500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53688548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122190","display_name":"Computer-integrated manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95743889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7935160","display_name":"Virtual representation","level":2,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25349015","display_name":"Digital manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7923174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404943","display_name":"Manufacturing execution system","level":3,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5941749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19768","display_name":"Machine tool","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180539650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660192","display_name":"Computer-aided manufacturing","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201547687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247240","display_name":"Process development execution system","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d96fa32ad85d4339870bff6a2876cd76","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d96fa32ad85d4339870bff6a2876cd76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 5 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00589-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5175577998161316,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319459420","https://openalex.org/W4379108907","https://openalex.org/W4379512321","https://openalex.org/W4386219980","https://openalex.org/W4391887168","https://openalex.org/W4392134092","https://openalex.org/W4399284104","https://openalex.org/W4400122235","https://openalex.org/W4400173032","https://openalex.org/W4401825185","https://openalex.org/W4401912221","https://openalex.org/W4402013253","https://openalex.org/W4402309652","https://openalex.org/W4404164857","https://openalex.org/W4404883933","https://openalex.org/W4406300220","https://openalex.org/W4406469073","https://openalex.org/W4408947259","https://openalex.org/W4412956555","https://openalex.org/W4413077329","https://openalex.org/W6940057779"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0,71],"manufacturing":[1,56,117,241],"system":[2,168],"(FMS)":[3],"teaching":[4],"in":[5,54,185],"engineering":[6],"education":[7,242],"is":[8,128,146,176,189,223,228,234,243],"difficult":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11],"limited":[12],"fidelity,":[13],"inadequate":[14],"real-time":[15],"interaction,":[16],"and":[17,49,103,110,124,162,181,204,212,230,245],"poor":[18],"scalability":[19],"of":[20,115],"typical":[21],"virtual":[22,126,187],"laboratory":[23],"platforms.":[24],"Many":[25],"existing":[26],"simulation-based":[27],"learning":[28,205],"environments":[29],"rely":[30],"on":[31],"static":[32],"or":[33],"loosely":[34],"coupled":[35,91],"models,":[36],"which":[37],"inadequately":[38],"represent":[39],"multi-axis":[40],"machine":[41],"motion,":[42],"programmable":[43],"logic":[44],"controller":[45],"(PLC)":[46],"execution":[47,232],"behavior,":[48,98],"industrial":[50,101],"communication":[51,160],"dynamics":[52],"found":[53],"real":[55],"systems.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"these":[60],"limitations,":[61],"this":[62],"study":[63],"proposes":[64],"the":[65,125,237],"Six-Dimensional":[66],"Digital":[67],"Twin":[68],"Framework":[69],"for":[70,81,239],"Manufacturing":[72],"Education":[73],"(6D-DT-FME),":[74],"aimed":[75],"at":[76],"enabling":[77],"high-fidelity":[78],"virtual\u2013physical":[79,225],"convergence":[80],"instructional":[82],"applications.":[83],"The":[84],"proposed":[85],"6D-DT-FME":[86],"framework":[87,238],"integrates":[88,155],"six":[89],"tightly":[90],"dimensions:":[92],"geometric":[93],"modeling,":[94],"information":[95],"mapping,":[96],"kinematic":[97],"control":[99,156],"logic,":[100],"communication,":[102],"physical":[104,122,163],"state":[105,142],"dynamics,":[106],"forming":[107],"a":[108,131,149,166,192,198,210],"comprehensive":[109],"behaviorally":[111],"consistent":[112],"digital":[113],"representation":[114],"heterogeneous":[116],"equipment.":[118],"Real-time":[119],"correspondence":[120],"between":[121],"systems":[123],"environment":[127],"achieved":[129],"using":[130,209],"time-triggered":[132],"synchronization":[133,226],"algorithm":[134,153,196],"that":[135,154],"aligns":[136],"PLC":[137],"scan":[138],"cycles":[139],"with":[140],"DT":[141],"updates.":[143],"Cross-dimensional":[144],"coherence":[145],"maintained":[147],"through":[148,178],"state-space":[150],"data":[151,171],"fusion":[152],"execution,":[157],"motion":[158],"states,":[159],"signals,":[161],"parameters":[164],"into":[165],"unified":[167],"state.":[169],"Deterministic":[170],"exchange":[172],"among":[173],"multi-vendor":[174],"devices":[175],"supported":[177],"OPC":[179],"UA":[180],"EtherCAT":[182],"protocols.":[183],"Scalability":[184],"complex":[186],"workshops":[188],"ensured":[190],"via":[191],"quad-tree-based":[193],"spatial":[194],"partitioning":[195],"within":[197],"Unity3D":[199],"immersive":[200],"environment,":[201],"while":[202],"operational":[203],"indicators":[206],"are":[207],"visualized":[208],"Vue.js":[211],"ECharts-based":[213],"monitoring":[214],"interface.":[215],"On":[216],"an":[217],"educational":[218],"FMS":[219],"testbed,":[220],"interaction":[221],"responsiveness":[222],"97.3%,":[224],"accuracy":[227],"97.8%,":[229],"task":[231],"efficiency":[233],"98.1%,":[235],"proving":[236],"smart":[240],"feasible":[244],"effective.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}
