{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131395319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","title":"Beyond single image: modified saliency aggregation for universal attacks on STR models","display_name":"Beyond single image: modified saliency aggregation for universal attacks on STR models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131395319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102876291","display_name":"Yikun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-7566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yikun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-7566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084486781","display_name":"Peibin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peibin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4545-8988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126819187","display_name":"Junfeng Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2369-4268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048186635","display_name":"Wanshan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-5167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanshan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-5167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, No. 1, Dingfuzhuang East Street, Chaoyang District, 100024, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126792172","display_name":"Pengwen Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120825670","display_name":"Yunnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc9n023","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengwen Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Smart Education, Yunnan Normal University, Juxian Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-1726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Smart Education, Yunnan Normal University, Juxian Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102876291","https://openalex.org/A5126819187"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21600189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5182999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5182999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.05719999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9067000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.30169999599456787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9067000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304431","display_name":"Saliency map","level":3,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc8281558ef54681bd0e04719547c0c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc8281558ef54681bd0e04719547c0c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 4 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00570-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6125126259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2436208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G721223747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8535192650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUC25QT05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971822075","https://openalex.org/W1981283549","https://openalex.org/W1998042868","https://openalex.org/W2008806374","https://openalex.org/W2024959534","https://openalex.org/W2144554289","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194187530","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2343052201","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2593572697","https://openalex.org/W2779757316","https://openalex.org/W2809273748","https://openalex.org/W2963517393","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2983042735","https://openalex.org/W3015186410","https://openalex.org/W3035402938","https://openalex.org/W3046953693","https://openalex.org/W3048753943","https://openalex.org/W3134968339","https://openalex.org/W3163005567","https://openalex.org/W4205550879","https://openalex.org/W4312879041","https://openalex.org/W4321021543","https://openalex.org/W4360618912","https://openalex.org/W4385356567","https://openalex.org/W4387969637","https://openalex.org/W4390872939"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,44,68,72,79,90,135],"era":[2],"of":[3,46,71,81],"deep":[4],"learning,":[5],"Scene":[6],"Text":[7],"Recognition":[8],"(STR)":[9],"has":[10],"become":[11],"a":[12,59,76,96,108,139,153],"vital":[13],"technology":[14],"for":[15,52,103],"extracting":[16],"textual":[17],"information":[18,116],"from":[19],"natural":[20],"images,":[21],"with":[22],"broad":[23],"practical":[24,77],"applications":[25],"(e.g.,":[26],"autonomous":[27],"driving).":[28],"Nevertheless,":[29],"STR":[30,47,53,104,129],"models":[31],"remain":[32],"susceptible":[33],"to":[34,41],"adversarial":[35,56,99,123],"attacks,":[36],"which":[37],"could":[38],"be":[39],"used":[40],"help":[42],"enhance":[43],"robustness":[45],"models.":[48,105,130],"Current":[49],"attack":[50,100,141],"strategies":[51],"typically":[54],"generate":[55,121],"examples":[57],"on":[58],"per-image":[60],"basis,":[61],"often":[62],"requiring":[63],"too":[64],"many":[65],"queries":[66],"or":[67],"full":[69],"knowledge":[70],"target":[73],"model.":[74],"From":[75],"standpoint,":[78],"implementation":[80],"these":[82],"existing":[83],"methods":[84],"poses":[85],"significant":[86],"challenges.":[87],"To":[88],"solve":[89],"above-mentioned":[91],"problems,":[92],"this":[93],"paper":[94],"introduces":[95],"novel":[97],"universal":[98,122],"method":[101,137],"designed":[102],"By":[106],"incorporating":[107],"modified":[109],"saliency":[110,115],"map":[111],"approach":[112],"and":[113,144],"aggregating":[114],"across":[117,148],"multiple":[118],"samples,":[119],"we":[120],"perturbations":[124],"(UAP)":[125],"that":[126,134],"effectively":[127],"deceive":[128],"Experimental":[131],"results":[132],"show":[133],"proposed":[136],"achieves":[138],"high":[140],"success":[142],"rate":[143],"exhibits":[145],"strong":[146],"transferability":[147],"different":[149],"models,":[150],"even":[151],"in":[152],"black-box":[154],"setting.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}