{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130661499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","title":"SGAC-OWOD: saliency-guided foreground enhancement with adversarial calibration for open world object detection","display_name":"SGAC-OWOD: saliency-guided foreground enhancement with adversarial calibration for open world object detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130661499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084192545","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026073449","display_name":"Weijie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7517-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126461122","display_name":"Tuo Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tuo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126461122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16657389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.6345000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.6345000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.23839999735355377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.030899999663233757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6216999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41429999470710754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7333999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7228999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6216999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c245a9adaa36473facc2a93fa6913046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c245a9adaa36473facc2a93fa6913046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 4 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00543-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3594362776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62103072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4984869036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132025278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1917989004","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2039313011","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2146103513","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2904509905","https://openalex.org/W2948672349","https://openalex.org/W2962966271","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963611739","https://openalex.org/W2983943451","https://openalex.org/W3009436130","https://openalex.org/W3025800305","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3038556141","https://openalex.org/W3095099350","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3176709420","https://openalex.org/W3208853938","https://openalex.org/W3217535672","https://openalex.org/W4214756262","https://openalex.org/W4312408105","https://openalex.org/W4313018996","https://openalex.org/W4381198783","https://openalex.org/W4386065367","https://openalex.org/W4386075915","https://openalex.org/W4386076022","https://openalex.org/W4386076609","https://openalex.org/W4390872835","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4393158977","https://openalex.org/W4394564155","https://openalex.org/W4402592316","https://openalex.org/W4402727951","https://openalex.org/W4402915852","https://openalex.org/W4403012122","https://openalex.org/W4403390316","https://openalex.org/W4408222555","https://openalex.org/W4409883014","https://openalex.org/W4413397855","https://openalex.org/W4416398035","https://openalex.org/W4416673323"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"World":[1],"Object":[2],"Detection":[3],"(OWOD)":[4],"aims":[5],"not":[6],"only":[7,41],"to":[8,14,91,110,120],"recognize":[9],"known":[10,49],"classes":[11],"but":[12],"also":[13],"discover":[15],"unknown":[16,35,142],"objects":[17],"and":[18,75,100,115,135],"incrementally":[19],"learn":[20],"them":[21],"in":[22],"subsequent":[23],"stages.":[24],"In":[25,83,103,155],"OWOD,":[26],"complex":[27],"background":[28],"clutter":[29],"hinders":[30],"the":[31,38,141,152,167],"accurate":[32],"recognition":[33],"of":[34,40,65],"objects,":[36],"while":[37],"availability":[39],"known-class":[42],"labels":[43],"further":[44,174],"biases":[45],"model":[46],"predictions":[47],"toward":[48],"categories.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"these":[53],"issues,":[54],"we":[55,85,105,157],"propose":[56],"a":[57,69,87],"novel":[58],"OWOD":[59],"framework":[60],"termed":[61],"SGAC-OWOD.":[62],"It":[63],"consists":[64],"two":[66],"key":[67,172],"components:":[68],"Saliency-Guided":[70],"Foreground":[71],"Enhancement":[72],"(SFE)":[73],"module":[74],"an":[76],"Adversarial":[77],"Perturbation-based":[78],"Classification":[79],"Calibration":[80],"(APCC)":[81],"module.":[82],"SFE,":[84],"introduces":[86],"class-agnostic":[88],"saliency":[89],"prior":[90],"enhance":[92,112],"foreground":[93],"representations":[94],"through":[95],"adaptive":[96],"multi-scale":[97],"feature":[98],"fusion":[99],"box-level":[101],"filtering.":[102],"APCC,":[104],"applies":[106],"multi-step":[107],"adversarial":[108],"perturbations":[109],"semantically":[111],"proposal":[113],"features":[114],"calibrate":[116],"classification":[117],"confidence":[118],"according":[119],"their":[121],"stability":[122],"under":[123],"perturbations,":[124],"effectively":[125],"mitigating":[126],"label":[127],"bias.":[128],"We":[129],"conduct":[130],"comprehensive":[131],"evaluations":[132],"on":[133,161,170],"MS-COCO":[134],"PASCAL":[136],"VOC.":[137],"On":[138],"Task":[139],"1,":[140],"recall":[143],"(U-Recall)":[144],"reaches":[145],"43.7%,":[146],"improving":[147],"by":[148],"about":[149],"7.6%":[150],"over":[151],"state-of-the-art":[153],"method.":[154],"addition,":[156],"conducted":[158],"cross-dataset":[159,177],"experiments":[160],"other":[162],"benchmarks.":[163],"Our":[164],"method":[165],"achieves":[166],"best":[168],"performance":[169],"most":[171],"metrics,":[173],"demonstrating":[175],"its":[176],"generalization":[178],"ability.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T06:03:25.996018","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}