{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127376668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","title":"CSTFMark: robust video watermarking against H.264/AVC compression via dynamic spati-temporal frequency modulation and curriculum learning","display_name":"CSTFMark: robust video watermarking against H.264/AVC compression via dynamic spati-temporal frequency modulation and curriculum learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127376668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124887028","display_name":"Shunzhe Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunzhe Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124877933","display_name":"Ke Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124926519","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124935023","display_name":"Yihang Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124909871","display_name":"Qianhui Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianhui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptographic Engineering, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124877933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27474637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.45509999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.45509999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.3124000132083893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.03779999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7792999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codec","display_name":"Codec","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7792999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.604200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161765866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184748","display_name":"Codec","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128840427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1302174","display_name":"Motion compensation","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30814859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119603","display_name":"Video denoising","level":5,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e660b24646c4ce493d8adb17b88b42e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e660b24646c4ce493d8adb17b88b42e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 3 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00528-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8477021850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528756071","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2158518777","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2548527721","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2760103357","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W3085185042","https://openalex.org/W3123742938","https://openalex.org/W3173246142","https://openalex.org/W3193750732","https://openalex.org/W3210409149","https://openalex.org/W4214562252","https://openalex.org/W4283365628","https://openalex.org/W4319430728","https://openalex.org/W4362578655","https://openalex.org/W4388188892","https://openalex.org/W4392678794","https://openalex.org/W4401548252","https://openalex.org/W4403021836","https://openalex.org/W4403635600","https://openalex.org/W4408196336","https://openalex.org/W4409513158","https://openalex.org/W4410453406","https://openalex.org/W4411071477","https://openalex.org/W4412694115","https://openalex.org/W4412846524","https://openalex.org/W4413111292","https://openalex.org/W7118639965"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"deep":[1],"learning-based":[2],"video":[3,193],"watermarking":[4,194],"methods":[5],"excel":[6],"in":[7,195],"non-compression":[8],"settings":[9],"but":[10],"struggle":[11],"under":[12],"real":[13,29,85,111,196],"H.264/AVC":[14,86],"compression":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,46,128,164],"two":[18],"key":[19],"issues:":[20],"(1)":[21],"reliance":[22],"on":[23,104,145],"differentiable":[24],"simulators":[25],"that":[26,101],"inaccurately":[27],"model":[28],"encoding":[30,197],"behaviors\u2014especially":[31],"quantization":[32,57],"and":[33,39,43,94,109,133,147,178],"motion":[34],"estimation\u2014causing":[35],"a":[36,81,90,95,121,134,165,187],"simulation-to-reality":[37],"gap":[38],"poor":[40],"high-compression":[41],"robustness;":[42],"(2)":[44],"failure":[45],"explicitly":[47],"account":[48],"for":[49,77,84,140,191],"the":[50,55],"frequency-selective":[51],"attenuation":[52],"imposed":[53],"by":[54,115],"H.264":[56,113],"matrix,":[58],"hindering":[59],"targeted":[60],"protection":[61],"of":[62],"robust":[63,192],"frequency":[64],"bands.":[65],"To":[66],"bridge":[67],"this":[68],"gap,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"CSTFMark":[72,88,150,185],"(Curriculum-guided":[73],"Spatio-Temporal":[74],"Frequency":[75,124],"Modulation":[76,125],"Robust":[78],"Video":[79],"Watermarking),":[80],"framework":[82],"designed":[83],"compression.":[87],"employs":[89],"3D":[91],"U-Net":[92],"backbone":[93],"Three-Stage":[96],"Curriculum":[97],"Learning":[98],"strategy":[99],"(TPC-H264)":[100],"progressively":[102],"trains":[103],"undistorted":[105],"videos,":[106],"simulated":[107],"compression,":[108],"finally":[110],"non-differentiable":[112],"streams\u2014stabilized":[114],"momentum-based":[116],"gradient":[117],"continuation.":[118],"It":[119],"features":[120],"Spatio-temporal":[122],"Dynamic":[123],"module":[126],"(ST-DFM)":[127],"adaptively":[129],"enhance":[130],"compression-resilient":[131],"frequencies,":[132],"Hyper-prior":[135],"Guided":[136],"Embedding":[137],"mechanism":[138],"(HGE)":[139],"semantics-aware":[141],"watermark":[142],"modulation.":[143],"Experiments":[144],"Kinetics-400":[146],"UCF-101":[148],"show":[149],"significantly":[151],"outperforms":[152],"state-of-the-art":[153],"methods,":[154],"maintaining":[155],"high":[156,161],"extraction":[157],"accuracy":[158],"even":[159],"at":[160],"CRF.":[162],"Thanks":[163],"multi-scale":[166],"spatiotemporal":[167],"perception":[168],"loss,":[169],"watermarked":[170],"videos":[171],"retain":[172],"excellent":[173],"visual":[174],"fidelity,":[175],"temporal":[176],"coherence,":[177],"support":[179],"HD":[180],"resolution":[181],"with":[182],"32-frame":[183],"inputs.":[184],"offers":[186],"practical,":[188],"scalable":[189],"solution":[190],"pipelines.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
