{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131291701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","title":"Graph neural network-based end-to-end resource allocation for energy-efficient RIS-UAV-NOMA-THz networks","display_name":"Graph neural network-based end-to-end resource allocation for energy-efficient RIS-UAV-NOMA-THz networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131291701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126661160","display_name":"Adil Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051786597","display_name":"Babar Hayat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7406-8424"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babar Hayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025875890","display_name":"Shabeer Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9727-2891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shabeer Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126702116","display_name":"Yasir Ullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Technology, Faculty of AI and Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Technology, Faculty of AI and Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058485751","display_name":"Hend Khalid Alkahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-5267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hend Khalid Alkahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126677430","display_name":"Wanni Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanni Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710065, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063114495","display_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Qena University, Qena, 83523, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Qena University, Qena, 83523, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126661160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27787828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.5895000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.5895000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth-allocation","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.35690000653266907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7526999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62793504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228327","display_name":"Access network","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196095461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576842","display_name":"Queuing delay","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:16053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2675845ab8f4934a9554ce62bc85b6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2675845ab8f4934a9554ce62bc85b6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 4 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00527-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2578705246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNUR-SP2025R384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125290396","https://openalex.org/W2344423009","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W3023078779","https://openalex.org/W3134888006","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W4210482771","https://openalex.org/W4226165345","https://openalex.org/W4285192749","https://openalex.org/W4313328335","https://openalex.org/W4315783209","https://openalex.org/W4386211575","https://openalex.org/W4389340805","https://openalex.org/W4393059603","https://openalex.org/W4393226851","https://openalex.org/W4395080466","https://openalex.org/W4396855970","https://openalex.org/W4400146515","https://openalex.org/W4400624424","https://openalex.org/W4401021289","https://openalex.org/W4401210626","https://openalex.org/W4401611247","https://openalex.org/W4401625657","https://openalex.org/W4401831448","https://openalex.org/W4401980060","https://openalex.org/W4402070422","https://openalex.org/W4402305492","https://openalex.org/W4402391802","https://openalex.org/W4402673547","https://openalex.org/W4402742660","https://openalex.org/W4402877659","https://openalex.org/W4403116553","https://openalex.org/W4404412833","https://openalex.org/W4404548220","https://openalex.org/W4405023988","https://openalex.org/W4405113450","https://openalex.org/W4407682266","https://openalex.org/W4407693409","https://openalex.org/W4408145478","https://openalex.org/W4410536828","https://openalex.org/W4411854507","https://openalex.org/W4412404052","https://openalex.org/W4413017475","https://openalex.org/W4413156228","https://openalex.org/W4413472377","https://openalex.org/W4414266360","https://openalex.org/W4414282467","https://openalex.org/W4414572826","https://openalex.org/W4414695015","https://openalex.org/W4415300255","https://openalex.org/W7122794033"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terahertz":[0],"(THz)":[1],"access":[2,39,45],"provides":[3],"multi-GHz":[4],"bandwidth":[5],"for":[6,114,249],"sixth-generation":[7],"(6G)":[8],"services,":[9],"but":[10],"its":[11],"short-range":[12],"propagation,":[13],"molecular":[14],"absorption,":[15],"blockage,":[16,85],"and":[17,63,96,143,161,181,183,209,230,233,237,243,253],"narrow-beam":[18],"misalignment":[19],"make":[20],"end-to-end":[21],"(E2E)":[22],"delay-energy":[23],"guarantees":[24],"difficult":[25],"when":[26],"computation":[27,64],"tasks":[28],"are":[29],"offloaded":[30],"to":[31,83,149,218],"an":[32,73],"edge":[33,145,205],"computing":[34],"node":[35],"(ECN).":[36],"When":[37],"THz":[38,116],"is":[40,212],"combined":[41],"with":[42,61,214,241,246],"non-orthogonal":[43],"multiple":[44],"(NOMA),":[46],"feasible":[47],"successive":[48],"interference":[49],"cancellation":[50],"(SIC)":[51],"ordering":[52],"must":[53],"also":[54],"be":[55],"maintained,":[56],"further":[57],"coupling":[58],"radio":[59],"decisions":[60],"queueing":[62],"constraints.":[65,164],"A":[66,191],"reconfigurable":[67],"intelligent":[68],"surface":[69],"(RIS)":[70],"mounted":[71],"on":[72],"unmanned":[74],"aerial":[75],"vehicle":[76],"(UAV)":[77],"create":[78],"a":[79,108,121,176,185,199,215],"controllable":[80],"reflected":[81],"path":[82],"mitigate":[84],"yet":[86],"practical":[87],"deployment":[88],"introduces":[89],"b":[90,132],"-bit":[91,133],"phase":[92,135,255],"quantization,":[93],"UAV":[94,137,158,210],"kinematics,":[95],"battery":[97],"limitations":[98],"that":[99,125],"invalidate":[100],"many":[101],"idealized":[102],"control":[103,219],"assumptions.":[104],"This":[105],"paper":[106],"proposes":[107],"constraint-aware":[109],"E2E":[110],"resource":[111],"allocation":[112],"framework":[113],"RIS-UAV-assisted":[115],"NOMA-MEC":[117],"networks.":[118],"We":[119],"formulate":[120],"single":[122],"optimization":[123],"problem":[124],"decides":[126],"users\u2019":[127],"transmit":[128],"powers,":[129],"SIC":[130],"order,":[131],"RIS":[134,162,251],"shifts,":[136],"3D":[138],"waypoints,":[139],"task":[140],"offloading":[141],"ratios,":[142],"per-user":[144],"CPU":[146,156],"allocations,":[147],"subject":[148],"spectral":[150,235],"masks,":[151],"power":[152],"limits,":[153],"queue":[154],"stability,":[155],"budgets,":[157],"kinematics/battery":[159],"evolution,":[160],"quantization":[163],"To":[165],"handle":[166],"the":[167,173],"high-dimensional":[168],"coupled":[169],"state,":[170],"we":[171],"represent":[172],"system":[174],"as":[175],"heterogeneous":[177],"graph":[178,186],"(users,":[179],"RIS-UAV,":[180],"ECN)":[182],"learn":[184],"neural":[187],"network":[188],"(GNN)":[189],"policy.":[190],"differentiable":[192],"feasibility":[193],"projection":[194],"enforces":[195],"hard":[196],"constraints,":[197],"while":[198],"weighted":[200],"time-energy":[201],"objective":[202],"(uplink":[203],"transmission,":[204],"execution,":[206],"downlink":[207],"return,":[208],"propulsion)":[211],"augmented":[213],"CVaR":[216],"term":[217],"tail":[220],"latency.":[221],"Simulations":[222],"show":[223],"reduced":[224],"latency,":[225],"lower":[226],"energy":[227],"per":[228],"bit":[229],"energy-delay":[231],"product,":[232],"improved":[234],"efficiency":[236],"outage":[238],"performance":[239],"compared":[240],"DRL/MARL":[242],"greedy":[244],"baselines,":[245],"gains":[247],"increasing":[248],"larger":[250],"apertures":[252],"finer":[254],"resolution.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}