{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143524608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","title":"A unified and resource-efficient polynomial multiplication architecture for fully homomorphic encryption","display_name":"A unified and resource-efficient polynomial multiplication architecture for fully homomorphic encryption","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143524608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027871414","display_name":"Junbin Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-822X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junbin Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130990168","display_name":"Ruwei Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruwei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123875539","display_name":"Jiang Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130917123","display_name":"Bin Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130990168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":10.3239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97575107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.4397999942302704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.4397999942302704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.3801000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11435","display_name":"Polynomial and algebraic computation","score":0.09000000357627869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.5085999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.3248000144958496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.5085999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d36639e3e314174a8738e52e61a70cc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d36639e3e314174a8738e52e61a70cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 5 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-026-00492-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2355722174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AB24010340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336589","funder_display_name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7206518317","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u5916\u5305\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u683c\u7684\u5168\u540c\u6001\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62062009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336589","display_name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W236632755","https://openalex.org/W2026935019","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2069448237","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2293449522","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W3013093367","https://openalex.org/W3065439923","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W3216360301","https://openalex.org/W4226216812","https://openalex.org/W4226334377","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4293024101","https://openalex.org/W4295872570","https://openalex.org/W4313855966","https://openalex.org/W4360831824","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4384159582","https://openalex.org/W4386942772","https://openalex.org/W4389476188","https://openalex.org/W4393144920","https://openalex.org/W4400234368","https://openalex.org/W4401568290","https://openalex.org/W4404370721","https://openalex.org/W4407784039","https://openalex.org/W4410514620","https://openalex.org/W4410577555"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,91,114,125,150],"critical":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,40,163,181],"privacy-preserving":[9],"computation;":[10],"however,":[11],"its":[12,173],"performance":[13],"is":[14,78],"still":[15],"largely":[16],"constrained":[17],"by":[18,27],"the":[19,28,157],"high":[20],"latency":[21],"and":[22,33,66,74,106,123,134,166,175],"substantial":[23],"hardware":[24,64],"overhead":[25],"introduced":[26],"Number":[29,35],"Theoretic":[30,36],"Transform":[31,37],"(NTT)":[32],"Inverse":[34],"(INTT)":[38],"operations":[39],"polynomial":[41,72,102],"multiplication.":[42],"Although":[43],"existing":[44],"unified":[45],"or":[46],"reconfigurable":[47,93],"NTT/INTT":[48,94],"accelerators":[49],"alleviate":[50],"control":[51],"complexity":[52],"to":[53,100,119],"some":[54],"extent,":[55],"they":[56],"commonly":[57],"suffer":[58],"from":[59],"excessive":[60],"multiplier":[61,133],"consumption,":[62],"low":[63],"utilization,":[65],"limited":[67],"scalability":[68],"when":[69],"supporting":[70],"varying":[71],"sizes":[73],"modulus":[75,104],"bit-widths,":[76],"which":[77,130],"particularly":[79],"unfavorable":[80],"for":[81,143,178],"resource-constrained":[82,182],"FPGA":[83,153],"platforms.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"this":[87],"challenge,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"high-performance,":[92],"accelerator":[95],"that":[96,156],"can":[97],"flexibly":[98],"adapt":[99],"different":[101],"sizes,":[103],"widths,":[105],"numbers":[107],"of":[108],"processing":[109],"units.":[110],"The":[111],"architecture":[112],"incorporates":[113],"bit-reversal-free":[115],"memory":[116],"access":[117],"scheme":[118],"eliminate":[120],"read\u2013write":[121],"conflicts":[122],"leverages":[124],"shift-optimized":[126],"Montgomery":[127],"reduction":[128],"technique,":[129],"significantly":[131],"reduces":[132],"Digital":[135],"Signal":[136],"Processor(DSP)":[137],"resource":[138],"consumption":[139],"while":[140],"maintaining":[141],"support":[142],"multiple":[144],"parameter":[145],"configurations.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"on":[149],"Xilinx":[151],"Zynq-7000":[152],"(XC7Z100FFG900-2)":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"proposed":[158],"design":[159],"achieves":[160],"notable":[161],"improvements":[162],"latency,":[164],"throughput,":[165],"area":[167],"efficiency":[168],"over":[169],"prior":[170],"works,":[171],"confirming":[172],"feasibility":[174],"strong":[176],"potential":[177],"accelerating":[179],"FHE":[180],"environments.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
