{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117584000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","title":"Ciphertext-domain fragile watermarking using hamming codes for dual-stage tamper detection and recovery","display_name":"Ciphertext-domain fragile watermarking using hamming codes for dual-stage tamper detection and recovery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117584000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072151673","display_name":"Lingfeng Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfeng Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757553","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068772086","display_name":"Jiayu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-1015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101467224","display_name":"Ye Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-0559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Sichuan Norm al University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Sichuan Norm al University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121519893","display_name":"Yaolin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaolin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121575891","display_name":"Yao Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yao Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institude of Adcanced Techology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121575891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53724286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.6883999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.6883999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.251800000667572,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6032000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.3774000108242035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6032000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777059624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914359","display_name":"Cloud storage","level":3,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529754248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054772","display_name":"Data recovery","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131521367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625502","display_name":"Parity bit","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:117e35fe342d4761ba10b31af2b60415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/117e35fe342d4761ba10b31af2b60415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 38, Iss 2, Pp 1-20 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00431-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4125938220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025A04J3760","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8477817976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045834321","https://openalex.org/W2129223290","https://openalex.org/W2508543527","https://openalex.org/W2561582896","https://openalex.org/W2604565470","https://openalex.org/W2669042130","https://openalex.org/W3083594188","https://openalex.org/W3094998779","https://openalex.org/W3147162255","https://openalex.org/W3163923435","https://openalex.org/W3172282874","https://openalex.org/W3175406864","https://openalex.org/W3206546131","https://openalex.org/W4205814753","https://openalex.org/W4206808262","https://openalex.org/W4214897392","https://openalex.org/W4225541168","https://openalex.org/W4226125741","https://openalex.org/W4283734551","https://openalex.org/W4285228719","https://openalex.org/W4293083852","https://openalex.org/W4391853800"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"storage":[1,32],"greatly":[2],"facilitates":[3],"large-scale":[4],"image":[5,31,77,174],"hosting":[6],"but":[7],"also":[8],"exposes":[9],"encrypted":[10,39],"content":[11],"to":[12,86,222],"the":[13,36,72,75,84,87,91,163,198,226],"risk":[14],"of":[15,38,106,118,165],"visually":[16],"plausible":[17],"ciphertext-domain":[18,54,228],"tampering":[19],"after":[20],"decryption.":[21],"Such":[22],"a":[23,52,94,140,172],"threat":[24],"is":[25],"particularly":[26],"critical":[27],"in":[28,204],"secure":[29,80],"cloud-based":[30],"and":[33,82,135,138,167,170,208,217],"forensics,":[34],"where":[35],"integrity":[37,154],"visual":[40],"data":[41],"must":[42],"be":[43],"reliably":[44],"verified.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"this":[48,114],"threat,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"dual-stage":[53],"self-embedding":[55],"fragile":[56],"watermarking":[57,229],"scheme":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60],"Hamming":[61,183],"codes,":[62],"which":[63],"enables":[64],"lightweight":[65],"user-side":[66],"operation":[67],"requiring":[68],"only":[69],"encryption.":[70],"Specifically,":[71],"user":[73],"encrypts":[74],"plaintext":[76],"with":[78],"any":[79],"algorithm":[81],"uploads":[83],"ciphertext":[85],"cloud.":[88],"Without":[89],"decrypting,":[90],"cloud":[92],"performs":[93],"two-stage":[95],"Permutation":[96],"Ordered":[97],"Binary":[98],"(POB)":[99],"reversible":[100],"compression,":[101],"releasing":[102],"about":[103],"4":[104],"bpp":[105],"embedding":[107],"space":[108],"while":[109],"maintaining":[110],"perfect":[111],"reversibility.":[112],"In":[113],"space,":[115],"two":[116],"types":[117],"watermarks":[119],"are":[120,180,188],"embedded:":[121],"(i)":[122],"distributed":[123],"(7,4)":[124],"Hamming-code-based":[125],"parity":[126],"bits":[127,147],"across":[128],"interleaved":[129],"blocks":[130],"for":[131,152],"bit-level":[132],"tamper":[133],"localization":[134],"single-bit":[136],"correction;":[137],"(ii)":[139],"keyed":[141],"hash-assisted":[142],"block":[143],"authentication":[144],"watermark":[145],"(4":[146],"per":[148],"\\(2\\times":[149],"2\\)":[150],"block)":[151],"coarse-grained":[153],"verification.":[155],"During":[156],"detection,":[157],"an":[158],"adaptive":[159],"mask-selection":[160],"mechanism":[161],"compares":[162],"reliability":[164],"pixel-level":[166],"block-level":[168],"results":[169,195],"triggers":[171],"hybrid":[173],"recovery":[175,213],"(IHR)":[176],"process:":[177],"sparse":[178],"errors":[179],"corrected":[181],"by":[182,220],"decoding,":[184],"whereas":[185],"multi-bit":[186],"conflicts":[187],"refined":[189],"through":[190],"prediction-based":[191],"pixel":[192],"recovery.":[193],"Experimental":[194],"show":[196],"that":[197],"proposed":[199],"method":[200,230],"outperforms":[201],"existing":[202],"schemes":[203],"both":[205],"detection":[206],"accuracy":[207],"reconstruction":[209],"quality,":[210],"achieving":[211],"lossless":[212],"at":[214],"\\(\\gamma":[215,236],"=6.25\\%\\)":[216],"improving":[218],"PSNR":[219],"7":[221],"12":[223],"dB":[224],"over":[225],"representative":[227],"under":[231],"moderate":[232],"cropping":[233],"attacks":[234],"(":[235],"=25\\%\\)":[237],").":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00"}