{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416855209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","title":"A novel multi-carrier visual cryptography scheme based on XOR and OR operations","display_name":"A novel multi-carrier visual cryptography scheme based on XOR and OR operations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416855209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076934078","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-4888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005848828","display_name":"Zhengxin Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8587-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxin Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8587-0942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355077","display_name":"Xiaopeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8103-5595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003812750","display_name":"Sensen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7320-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659382","display_name":"Bin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, PLA Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou, 450004, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005848828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34297254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.414900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.01640000008046627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cryptography","display_name":"Visual cryptography","score":0.8644000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.8011999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.39730000495910645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1597418","display_name":"Visual cryptography","level":4,"score":0.8644000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8011999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6123999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41dec85e9dd642c0918c1c750f64010e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41dec85e9dd642c0918c1c750f64010e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 37, Iss 10, Pp 1-19 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7034644147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416855209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416855209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524490463","https://openalex.org/W1548691389","https://openalex.org/W1576444701","https://openalex.org/W1987592232","https://openalex.org/W1999153121","https://openalex.org/W2008275448","https://openalex.org/W2029251894","https://openalex.org/W2034020304","https://openalex.org/W2062010115","https://openalex.org/W2119404147","https://openalex.org/W2133850979","https://openalex.org/W2172215674","https://openalex.org/W2290049962","https://openalex.org/W2529413871","https://openalex.org/W2887354019","https://openalex.org/W3154097682","https://openalex.org/W4200130546","https://openalex.org/W4253746564","https://openalex.org/W4291653572","https://openalex.org/W4396529893","https://openalex.org/W4401109619","https://openalex.org/W4407304478","https://openalex.org/W4407948341","https://openalex.org/W4411865836","https://openalex.org/W4413785573","https://openalex.org/W4413940425"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"conventional":[1],"Visual":[2],"Cryptography":[3],"Scheme":[4],"(VCS)":[5],"relying":[6],"solely":[7],"on":[8,22,33],"OR":[9],"operations":[10],"suffers":[11],"from":[12],"poor":[13],"recovery":[14],"quality":[15],"and":[16,59,64,79,118,142,146,155],"severe":[17],"pixel":[18],"expansion":[19],"when":[20],"implemented":[21],"physical":[23,41,140,158],"transparencies.":[24],"While":[25],"XOR-based":[26],"VCS":[27,53],"improves":[28],"reconstruction":[29],"fidelity,":[30],"its":[31],"dependence":[32],"electronic":[34,63,78,85],"carriers":[35],"compromises":[36],"the":[37,84,104,115,136,149],"fundamental":[38],"\u201cdecryption":[39,152,156],"in":[40,90,157],"space\u201d":[42,159],"principle.":[43],"To":[44],"reconcile":[45],"these":[46],"trade-offs,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"a":[50,70,120],"novel":[51],"Multi-Carrier":[52],"(MCVCS)":[54],"that":[55],"synergistically":[56],"combines":[57],"XOR":[58,88],"divides":[60],"shares":[61,74,86],"into":[62,77],"non-electronic":[65,80,105],"ones.":[66],"Our":[67,133],"scheme":[68,113,134],"introduces":[69],"dual-carrier":[71],"framework":[72],"where":[73],"are":[75],"bifurcated":[76],"components.":[81],"During":[82],"reconstruction,":[83],"undergo":[87],"processing":[89],"computational":[91],"devices":[92],"to":[93],"generate":[94],"an":[95],"intermediate":[96],"share,":[97],"which":[98],"is":[99,153],"then":[100],"physically":[101],"superimposed":[102],"with":[103],"share":[106],"(OR":[107],"operation).":[108],"Theoretical":[109],"analysis":[110],"proves":[111],"our":[112],"satisfies":[114],"security":[116,144],"condition":[117],"possesses":[119],"constant":[121],"relative":[122],"difference":[123],"of":[124,130,151,160],"$$\\alpha":[125],"$$":[126],"=":[127],"1/2,":[128],"independent":[129],"participant":[131],"count.":[132],"bridges":[135],"gap":[137],"between":[138],"analog":[139],"cryptography":[141],"digital":[143],"paradigms,":[145],"still":[147],"maintains":[148],"features":[150],"simple\u201d":[154],"VCS.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
