{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416571241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","title":"Adaptive heterogeneous multi-agent debate for enhanced educational and factual reasoning in large language models","display_name":"Adaptive heterogeneous multi-agent debate for enhanced educational and factual reasoning in large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416571241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627733","display_name":"Yan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-6549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002167057","display_name":"Yanguang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7804-9993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181679659","display_name":"Shanghai University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtvfq62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181679659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanguang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management and Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 200433, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management and Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 200433, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181679659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002167057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181679659"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":2.792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92122815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.45559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.45559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.07090000063180923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.048900000751018524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-reasoning","display_name":"Logical reasoning","score":0.35839998722076416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7128999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43971567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865","display_name":"Logical reasoning","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20693621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667502","display_name":"Logical framework","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a305327d17fc4d49bb5193aa1708f813","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a305327d17fc4d49bb5193aa1708f813","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 37, Iss 10, Pp 1-19 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00353-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416571241.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416571241.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201174429","https://openalex.org/W4285106084","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4407166857"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4,26,54],"achieved":[5],"impressive":[6],"results":[7],"in":[8,140,267,301],"complex":[9],"reasoning":[10,70,87],"and":[11,21,36,38,66,88,132,160,182,206,230,241,260,283,312],"knowledge":[12],"tasks,":[13,259],"yet":[14],"they":[15],"often":[16],"struggle":[17],"with":[18,99,123],"factual":[19,90,152,227,262],"accuracy":[20,252],"logical":[22,150],"consistency.":[23],"Prior":[24],"works":[25],"improved":[27],"LLM":[28,62],"performance":[29],"using":[30],"prompt-based":[31],"techniques":[32],"(e.g.":[33,149],"chain-of-thought":[34],"prompting":[35],"self-consistency)":[37],"post-hoc":[39],"self-refinement,":[40],"but":[41],"these":[42,258],"typically":[43],"operate":[44],"on":[45,178,257],"a":[46,57,75,116,134,144,192],"single":[47],"model":[48],"instance.":[49],"Recently,":[50],"multi-agent":[51,121,244],"debate":[52,94,122,130,185,245,256,281],"frameworks":[53],"emerged":[55],"as":[56],"complementary":[58],"approach,":[59],"wherein":[60],"multiple":[61],"agents":[63,98,172],"propose":[64,110],"answers":[65],"critique":[67],"each":[68,175,199],"other\u2019s":[69],"to":[71,83,197,203],"reach":[72],"consensus.":[73],"Such":[74],"\u201csociety":[76],"of":[77,209,277],"minds\u201d":[78],"approach":[79],"has":[80],"been":[81],"shown":[82],"significantly":[84],"improve":[85],"mathematical":[86],"reduce":[89],"hallucinations.":[91],"However,":[92],"existing":[93],"methods":[95,240],"use":[96],"homogeneous":[97],"simple":[100],"majority":[101],"voting,":[102],"limiting":[103],"their":[104],"effectiveness.":[105],"In":[106],"this":[107],"work,":[108],"we":[109,190],"Adaptive":[111],"Heterogeneous":[112],"Multi-Agent":[113],"Debate":[114],"(A-HMAD),":[115],"novel":[117],"framework":[118],"that":[119,195,291],"extends":[120],"(i)":[124],"diverse":[125],"specialized":[126],"agents,":[127],"(ii)":[128],"dynamic":[129],"routing,":[131],"(iii)":[133],"learned":[135,285],"consensus":[136,193,286],"mechanism.":[137],"Each":[138],"agent":[139,278],"A-HMAD":[141,235,248],"is":[142],"assigned":[143],"distinct":[145],"role":[146],"or":[147],"expertise":[148],"reasoning,":[151,304],"verification,":[153],"strategic":[154],"planning),":[155],"enabling":[156],"more":[157,310],"comprehensive":[158],"error-checking":[159],"perspective":[161],"diversity":[162],"than":[163],"identical":[164],"agents.":[165],"A":[166],"coordination":[167],"policy":[168],"dynamically":[169],"selects":[170],"which":[171],"contribute":[173],"at":[174],"round":[176],"based":[177],"the":[179,183,207,242,275,284,306],"question\u2019s":[180],"domain":[181],"evolving":[184],"state.":[186],"To":[187],"aggregate":[188],"viewpoints,":[189],"introduce":[191],"optimizer":[194],"learns":[196],"weight":[198],"agent\u2019s":[200],"vote":[201],"according":[202],"its":[204,210],"reliability":[205],"confidence":[208],"arguments.":[211],"On":[212],"six":[213],"challenging":[214],"benchmarks":[215],"\u2013":[216,233],"including":[217],"arithmetic":[218],"QA,":[219],"grade-school":[220],"math":[221],"(GSM8K),":[222],"multifact":[223],"question":[224],"answering":[225],"(MMLU),":[226],"biography":[228,268],"generation,":[229],"chess":[231],"strategy":[232],"our":[234],"consistently":[236],"outperforms":[237],"prior":[238],"single-model":[239],"original":[243],"baseline.":[246],"Notably,":[247],"achieves":[249],"4\u20136%":[250],"absolute":[251],"gains":[253],"over":[254,265],"standard":[255],"reduces":[261],"errors":[263],"by":[264],"30%":[266],"facts.":[269],"We":[270],"provide":[271],"extensive":[272],"ablations":[273],"demonstrating":[274],"benefits":[276],"heterogeneity,":[279],"additional":[280],"rounds,":[282],"module.":[287],"Our":[288],"findings":[289],"suggest":[290],"an":[292],"adaptive,":[293],"role-diverse":[294],"debating":[295],"ensemble":[296],"can":[297],"drive":[298],"significant":[299],"advances":[300],"LLM-based":[302],"educational":[303],"paving":[305],"way":[307],"for":[308],"safer,":[309],"interpretable,":[311],"pedagogically":[313],"reliable":[314],"AI":[315],"systems.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
