{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417118428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","title":"Hybrid nonlinear sine cosine and safe experimentation dynamics algorithm for robust sigmoid PID control of automatic voltage regulators","display_name":"Hybrid nonlinear sine cosine and safe experimentation dynamics algorithm for robust sigmoid PID control of automatic voltage regulators","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417118428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041996869","display_name":"Mohd Zaidi Mohd Tumari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Zaidi Mohd Tumari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045855721","display_name":"Mohd Helmi Suid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-1244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Helmi Suid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Industrial Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-1244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Industrial Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029302266","display_name":"Mohd Ashraf Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-5123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Ashraf Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Industrial Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Industrial Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045855721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":1.9127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87401674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.48980000615119934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.48980000615119934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.1995999962091446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.052299998700618744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.670199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.661300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settling-time","display_name":"Settling time","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overshoot","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-control","display_name":"Robust control","score":0.36890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.670199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.661300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14781684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983320","display_name":"Settling time","level":3,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113957","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92487091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245627","display_name":"Bode plot","level":3,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160030872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142864","display_name":"Step response","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156120966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940742","display_name":"Voltage controller","level":5,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85761212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1974593","display_name":"Transient response","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178009071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93344","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d605b9b85d3b4310a76d551c765152bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d605b9b85d3b4310a76d551c765152bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 37, Iss 10, Pp 1-36 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00323-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7653821823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8744274485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2024/TK07/UMP/03/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322873","display_name":"Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417118428.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417118428.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W883434633","https://openalex.org/W2001979953","https://openalex.org/W2017510047","https://openalex.org/W2031183907","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2066260126","https://openalex.org/W2070599953","https://openalex.org/W2076525496","https://openalex.org/W2078713688","https://openalex.org/W2093346872","https://openalex.org/W2162016552","https://openalex.org/W2176451521","https://openalex.org/W2232317135","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2324628269","https://openalex.org/W2333963988","https://openalex.org/W2742961367","https://openalex.org/W2782699407","https://openalex.org/W2809263755","https://openalex.org/W2810138958","https://openalex.org/W2885673370","https://openalex.org/W2902471537","https://openalex.org/W2942402479","https://openalex.org/W2942594064","https://openalex.org/W2976525124","https://openalex.org/W2989913378","https://openalex.org/W2998148206","https://openalex.org/W3026019854","https://openalex.org/W3047212778","https://openalex.org/W3084847794","https://openalex.org/W3096328337","https://openalex.org/W3108661675","https://openalex.org/W3128971209","https://openalex.org/W3155824097","https://openalex.org/W3160513435","https://openalex.org/W3182462261","https://openalex.org/W3198739683","https://openalex.org/W3214234367","https://openalex.org/W3217117507","https://openalex.org/W4200286069","https://openalex.org/W4214711877","https://openalex.org/W4226021942","https://openalex.org/W4290564981","https://openalex.org/W4299458419","https://openalex.org/W4307927311","https://openalex.org/W4309289603","https://openalex.org/W4318475932","https://openalex.org/W4322755954","https://openalex.org/W4328136079","https://openalex.org/W4377030788","https://openalex.org/W4378471728","https://openalex.org/W4378550018","https://openalex.org/W4381618056","https://openalex.org/W4384155332","https://openalex.org/W4385067594","https://openalex.org/W4387745472","https://openalex.org/W4393115804","https://openalex.org/W4396698004","https://openalex.org/W4399105598","https://openalex.org/W4403102523","https://openalex.org/W4403526960","https://openalex.org/W4403838110","https://openalex.org/W4404128639","https://openalex.org/W4408324558","https://openalex.org/W4408635124"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,146,170],"Automatic":[1],"Voltage":[2],"Regulator":[3],"(AVR)":[4],"has":[5,43],"a":[6,15,55,70,81,104],"critical":[7],"responsibility":[8],"in":[9,112,237,242],"sustaining":[10],"the":[11,33,38,51,67,88,95,109,113,130,213,232],"output":[12],"voltage":[13],"of":[14,50,69,119,244],"synchronous":[16],"generator":[17],"within":[18,143],"desired":[19],"limits.":[20],"To":[21,74],"enhance":[22],"its":[23],"dynamic":[24,72],"performance,":[25],"various":[26,224],"control":[27,141,239,245],"techniques":[28],"have":[29],"been":[30],"integrated":[31],"into":[32],"AVR":[34,114,144],"framework,":[35],"among":[36],"which":[37,65],"Sigmoid":[39],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[40],"(SPID)":[41],"controller":[42,53,111,150,216],"shown":[44],"promising":[45],"results.":[46],"However,":[47],"effective":[48],"tuning":[49,108],"SPID":[52,110],"remains":[54],"significant":[56],"challenge":[57],"due":[58],"to":[59,137],"system":[60],"nonlinearities":[61],"and":[62,140,167,193,206,235,247],"external":[63],"disturbances,":[64],"hinder":[66],"achievement":[68],"high":[71],"response.":[73,249],"overcome":[75],"these":[76],"limitations,":[77],"this":[78],"study":[79],"presents":[80],"novel":[82],"hybrid":[83],"optimization":[84],"strategy":[85],"that":[86,212],"combines":[87],"Nonlinear":[89],"Sine":[90],"Cosine":[91],"Algorithm":[92],"(NSCA)":[93],"with":[94],"Safe":[96],"Experimentation":[97],"Dynamics":[98],"(SED)":[99],"algorithm,":[100],"termed":[101],"NSCA-SED,":[102],"as":[103,161,163,199,201,227],"data-driven":[105],"method":[106],"for":[107],"system.":[115],"Unlike":[116],"conventional":[117],"applications":[118,240],"metaheuristic":[120],"algorithms":[121],"focused":[122],"on":[123,153],"machine":[124],"learning":[125],"or":[126],"neural":[127],"network":[128],"training,":[129],"proposed":[131,214],"NSCA-SED":[132],"algorithm":[133,147],"is":[134,173],"designed":[135],"specifically":[136],"address":[138],"measurement":[139,154],"challenges":[142],"systems.":[145],"directly":[148],"optimizes":[149],"parameters":[151],"based":[152],"feedback,":[155],"thereby":[156],"increasing":[157],"robustness,":[158],"reducing":[159],"overshoot,":[160],"well":[162,200],"improving":[164],"settling":[165],"time":[166],"steady-state":[168],"error.":[169],"controller's":[171],"performance":[172,177,225],"assessed":[174],"using":[175],"time-domain":[176],"indices,":[178],"including":[179],"Integral":[180,184,188,194],"Absolute":[181,190],"Error":[182,186,191,197],"(IAE),":[183],"Squared":[185,196],"(ISE),":[187],"Time":[189,195],"(ITAE),":[192],"(ITSE)":[198],"parameter":[202],"uncertainties,":[203],"Bode":[204],"plot,":[205],"root":[207],"locus.":[208],"Simulation":[209],"results":[210],"show":[211],"NSCA-SED-SPID":[215],"outperforms":[217],"other":[218],"recent":[219],"metaheuristic-tuned":[220],"PID":[221],"controllers":[222],"across":[223],"indices":[226],"mentioned.":[228],"These":[229],"findings":[230],"demonstrate":[231],"method\u2019s":[233],"relevance":[234],"effectiveness":[236],"measurement-sensitive":[238],"particularly":[241],"terms":[243],"robustness":[246],"transient":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
