{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408784004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","title":"Local enhanced toeplitz neural network for in-vehicle network intrusion detection","display_name":"Local enhanced toeplitz neural network for in-vehicle network intrusion detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408784004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065629472","display_name":"Dongxian Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4507-4703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138580","display_name":"Zhejiang Institute of Science and Technology Information","ror":"https://ror.org/04gq2fa58","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxian Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Economics and Trade, Hangzhou, 310018, China","School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Economics and Trade, Hangzhou, 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060776618","display_name":"Ming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9906-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100742403","display_name":"Zhen Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0388-8840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092218","display_name":"Sensimetrics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00h7y2d26","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092218"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["SenseTime Research, Shanghai, 200000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SenseTime Research, Shanghai, 200000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092218"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066621365","display_name":"Yiran Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-3610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-3610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066621365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":3.4049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92199172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1-2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toeplitz-matrix","display_name":"Toeplitz matrix","score":0.7089821100234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5957682132720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5907222628593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5790031552314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.5625006556510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3463953137397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31768089532852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27011436223983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1541154682636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geochemistry","display_name":"Geochemistry","score":0.053501248359680176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147710293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849428","display_name":"Toeplitz matrix","level":2,"score":0.7089821100234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5957682132720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5907222628593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5790031552314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.5625006556510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3463953137397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31768089532852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27011436223983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1541154682636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.053501248359680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44443-025-00006-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408784004.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2739928414","https://openalex.org/W2928675906","https://openalex.org/W2945012921","https://openalex.org/W2948384692","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W3197115256","https://openalex.org/W4229070083","https://openalex.org/W4281702766","https://openalex.org/W4308605894","https://openalex.org/W4378976213","https://openalex.org/W4384787326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389462125","https://openalex.org/W2091997962","https://openalex.org/W151496359","https://openalex.org/W1969863203","https://openalex.org/W4220662591","https://openalex.org/W856465872","https://openalex.org/W1987843132","https://openalex.org/W4246602344","https://openalex.org/W2359223678","https://openalex.org/W2133389611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0],"models":[1,15],"have":[2],"been":[3],"successful":[4],"in":[5,39,54,67,71,185,207],"identifying":[6],"various":[7],"intrusion":[8,60],"attacks":[9,74],"on":[10,77,160],"in-vehicle":[11,58,104],"networks.":[12],"However,":[13],"these":[14],"struggle":[16],"to":[17,22,147],"meet":[18],"real-time":[19],"requirements":[20],"due":[21],"the":[23,27,43,46,55,100,115,122,130,149,155],"quadratic":[24],"complexity":[25,153],"of":[26,45,57,99,103,117,144,154,187,209],"attention":[28],"mechanism.":[29],"The":[30],"Toeplitz":[31,93,132],"Neural":[32,94,133],"Network":[33,95,134],"(TNN)":[34,135],"represents":[35],"a":[36,90],"significant":[37],"advancement":[38],"language":[40],"modeling,":[41],"surpassing":[42],"capabilities":[44],"Transformer":[47],"while":[48],"maintaining":[49],"linear":[50],"space-time":[51],"complexity.":[52],"Nevertheless,":[53],"context":[56],"network":[59,105],"detection,":[61],"simply":[62],"applying":[63],"TNN":[64,184],"may":[65],"result":[66],"suboptimal":[68],"accuracy,":[69],"particularly":[70],"detecting":[72],"low-capacity":[73,197],"that":[75,96,175],"hinge":[76],"global":[78],"positional":[79],"relationships":[80],"between":[81],"CAN":[82,118],"IDs.":[83],"To":[84],"address":[85],"this":[86,127,138],"limitation,":[87],"we":[88,108],"propose":[89],"Locally":[91],"Enhanced":[92],"takes":[97],"advantage":[98],"periodic":[101],"nature":[102],"messages.":[106],"Specifically,":[107],"conduct":[109],"local":[110],"binary":[111],"consistency":[112],"comparisons":[113],"among":[114],"features":[116],"IDs":[119],"associated":[120],"with":[121,129],"same":[123],"categories":[124],"and":[125,151,172,183,193,211],"integrate":[126],"process":[128],"standard":[131],"operation.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"paper":[139],"uses":[140],"an":[141],"approximate":[142],"method":[143,177,203],"single-channel":[145],"comparison":[146],"reduce":[148],"time":[150],"space":[152],"model.":[156],"Our":[157],"experimental":[158],"results":[159],"three":[161],"public":[162],"datasets,":[163],"Intrusion":[164],"Detection":[165],"Challenge,":[166],"Attack":[167],"&":[168],"Defense":[169],"Challenge":[170],"2020":[171],"ROAD,":[173],"show":[174],"our":[176,202],"outperforms":[178,205],"competitors":[179,206],"DCNN,":[180],"LSTM,":[181],"Transformer,":[182],"terms":[186,208],"Accuracy,":[188],"Precision,":[189],"Recall,":[190],"FPR,":[191],"F1,":[192],"MCC":[194],"indicators.":[195],"For":[196],"attack":[198],"detection":[199],"within":[200],"10%,":[201],"also":[204],"Accuracy":[210],"Recall.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
