{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392089409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","title":"Towards more reliable evaluation in pedestrian detection by rethinking \u201cignore regions\u201d","display_name":"Towards more reliable evaluation in pedestrian detection by rethinking \u201cignore regions\u201d","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392089409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289164","display_name":"Visual Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-9008","issn":["2731-9008","2097-3330"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visual Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438659","display_name":"Gang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-7653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-7653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693026","display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-7365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["VCIP, Nankai University, Tianjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VCIP, Nankai University, Tianjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412142","display_name":"Shanshan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-6300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726984","display_name":"Jian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100412142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4306,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81550374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.7122235894203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41099661588668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.32170718908309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2668185830116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2495938539505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7122235894203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41099661588668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.32170718908309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2668185830116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2495938539505005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289164","display_name":"Visual Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-9008","issn":["2731-9008","2097-3330"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visual Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44267-024-00036-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289164","display_name":"Visual Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-9008","issn":["2731-9008","2097-3330"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visual Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5225297083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30920032201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6360242122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62322602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7346304330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7877036025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20230033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392089409.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2598915960","https://openalex.org/W2772955562","https://openalex.org/W2883638665","https://openalex.org/W2894820835","https://openalex.org/W2902502320","https://openalex.org/W2913593540","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2929738993","https://openalex.org/W2930500180","https://openalex.org/W2941356874","https://openalex.org/W2945992438","https://openalex.org/W2954156922","https://openalex.org/W2979720197","https://openalex.org/W2991833700","https://openalex.org/W2995633276","https://openalex.org/W3012791016","https://openalex.org/W3013085568","https://openalex.org/W3015220510","https://openalex.org/W3032984651","https://openalex.org/W3033116542","https://openalex.org/W3093402091","https://openalex.org/W3105922748","https://openalex.org/W3109933227","https://openalex.org/W3160665490","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3199093552","https://openalex.org/W4221146420","https://openalex.org/W4221159372","https://openalex.org/W4234552385","https://openalex.org/W4283819626","https://openalex.org/W4301409532","https://openalex.org/W4384644373","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6757983871","https://openalex.org/W6758998429","https://openalex.org/W6761662064","https://openalex.org/W6778485988","https://openalex.org/W6800709815","https://openalex.org/W6851031079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W2197846993","https://openalex.org/W1976827262","https://openalex.org/W49697837","https://openalex.org/W3122828758","https://openalex.org/W2170799233","https://openalex.org/W2768112316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"It":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,100,114,118,125,172],"challenging":[4],"task":[5],"to":[6,16,131,216,226],"detect":[7],"pedestrians":[8,66,75,84],"in":[9,44,62,109,238],"crowds":[10],"and":[11,73,140,158,187,231,245],"it":[12,37],"needs":[13],"more":[14,152,160,247],"efforts":[15],"understand":[17],"why":[18],"the":[19,30,63,92,110,132,136,141,146,155,179,185,200,218,223,233,240],"detectors":[20,97],"fail.":[21],"When":[22],"we":[23,34,55,170,192,208],"perform":[24],"an":[25,88,194],"error":[26],"analysis":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29],"traditional":[31],"evaluation":[32,188,249],"strategy,":[33],"find":[35],"that":[36,54],"produces":[38],"many":[39],"misleading":[40],"false":[41,126,243],"positives,":[42],"which":[43,177],"fact":[45],"cover":[46],"occluded":[47,164],"pedestrians.":[48,165],"The":[49],"reason":[50],"for":[51,103,121,145,203],"this":[52,168],"is":[53,128],"usually":[56],"have":[57],"two":[58],"kinds":[59],"of":[60,162,213,228,235,242],"annotations":[61],"dataset:":[64],"regular":[65],"(detection":[67],"targets)":[68,78],"labeled":[69,79,86,142],"by":[70,80],"full-body":[71,101,119,138,201,214],"boxes":[72,211,215],"ignored":[74,123,147],"(NOT":[76],"detection":[77,175,186,229],"visible":[81,143,181,196,210],"boxes.":[82],"Ignored":[83],"are":[85],"as":[87,154],"additional":[89,180],"category":[90],"termed":[91],"\u201cignore":[93,219],"region\u201d.":[94,220],"Nevertheless,":[95],"our":[96,236],"always":[98],"predict":[99,193],"box":[102,120,139,144,182,197,202],"each":[104],"pedestrian.":[105,148],"This":[106,149],"gap":[107],"results":[108],"following":[111],"case:":[112],"when":[113],"detector":[115,156],"successfully":[116],"predicts":[117],"those":[122],"pedestrians,":[124],"positive":[127],"triggered":[129],"due":[130],"low":[133],"overlap":[134],"between":[135],"predicted":[137],"becomes":[150,159],"even":[151],"harmful":[153],"improves":[157],"capable":[161],"locating":[163],"To":[166],"alleviate":[167],"issue,":[169],"devise":[171],"new":[173,224],"pedestrian":[174],"pipeline,":[176],"considers":[178],"at":[183],"both":[184],"stages.":[189],"During":[190],"detection,":[191],"extra":[195],"apart":[198],"from":[199],"every":[204],"instance;":[205],"during":[206],"evaluation,":[207],"employ":[209],"instead":[212],"match":[217],"We":[221],"apply":[222],"pipeline":[225,237],"dozens":[227],"methods":[230],"validate":[232],"effectiveness":[234],"reducing":[239],"over-reporting":[241],"positives":[244],"providing":[246],"reliable":[248],"results.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}