{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407637219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","title":"Can ChatGPT Be Addictive? A Call to Examine the Shift from Support to Dependence in AI Conversational Large Language Models","display_name":"Can ChatGPT Be Addictive? A Call to Examine the Shift from Support to Dependence in AI Conversational Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407637219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207486","display_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2667-1336","issn":["2667-1336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021047216","display_name":"Ala Yankouskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-0989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ala Yankouskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Faculty Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-0989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Faculty Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103190809","display_name":"Magnus Liebherr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-8079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Liebherr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-8079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088731268","display_name":"Raian Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raian Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021047216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":93.1654,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99961872,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"77","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/addiction","display_name":"Addiction","score":0.5707636475563049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.44794654846191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3395003378391266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.12793707847595215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.5707636475563049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44794654846191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3395003378391266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.12793707847595215}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207486","display_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2667-1336","issn":["2667-1336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk:41550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400187","display_name":"Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","host_organization_name":"Bournemouth University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:09c45072357f4298b229961f719f3c76","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/09c45072357f4298b229961f719f3c76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 77-89 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44230-025-00090-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207486","display_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2667-1336","issn":["2667-1336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2385625728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP 14C-0916\u2013210015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2541145698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14C-0916-210015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6822510337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP 14C-0916-210015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309815","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407637219.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407637219.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118046064","https://openalex.org/W1656810637","https://openalex.org/W1837865419","https://openalex.org/W1945969519","https://openalex.org/W1968340857","https://openalex.org/W1969280978","https://openalex.org/W1969606544","https://openalex.org/W1995474267","https://openalex.org/W1997475706","https://openalex.org/W2012064690","https://openalex.org/W2012676995","https://openalex.org/W2017005212","https://openalex.org/W2022991558","https://openalex.org/W2032546831","https://openalex.org/W2036916152","https://openalex.org/W2041014002","https://openalex.org/W2048878602","https://openalex.org/W2055097229","https://openalex.org/W2076457657","https://openalex.org/W2082050557","https://openalex.org/W2087351818","https://openalex.org/W2092813663","https://openalex.org/W2110040374","https://openalex.org/W2114995726","https://openalex.org/W2115040353","https://openalex.org/W2122517769","https://openalex.org/W2129569911","https://openalex.org/W2130173750","https://openalex.org/W2143545365","https://openalex.org/W2148075153","https://openalex.org/W2153203476","https://openalex.org/W2158540082","https://openalex.org/W2162114525","https://openalex.org/W2260848322","https://openalex.org/W2321080653","https://openalex.org/W2559313888","https://openalex.org/W2595367318","https://openalex.org/W2604983330","https://openalex.org/W2759536806","https://openalex.org/W2761156227","https://openalex.org/W2886357456","https://openalex.org/W2889568238","https://openalex.org/W2902967459","https://openalex.org/W2921390920","https://openalex.org/W2932277714","https://openalex.org/W2953836153","https://openalex.org/W2981291047","https://openalex.org/W2982235876","https://openalex.org/W3006245018","https://openalex.org/W3009936362","https://openalex.org/W3043425302","https://openalex.org/W3082837871","https://openalex.org/W3083999907","https://openalex.org/W3113854188","https://openalex.org/W3114319529","https://openalex.org/W3124923678","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3127392204","https://openalex.org/W3129328254","https://openalex.org/W3133013549","https://openalex.org/W3133535772","https://openalex.org/W3144406692","https://openalex.org/W3159368839","https://openalex.org/W3214024265","https://openalex.org/W3214797170","https://openalex.org/W4210684217","https://openalex.org/W4211002924","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4250677908","https://openalex.org/W4253638624","https://openalex.org/W4280569286","https://openalex.org/W4280644335","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4293060354","https://openalex.org/W4310643312","https://openalex.org/W4312179235","https://openalex.org/W4319836215","https://openalex.org/W4323314340","https://openalex.org/W4360620450","https://openalex.org/W4360874904","https://openalex.org/W4365813029","https://openalex.org/W4381549397","https://openalex.org/W4383498485","https://openalex.org/W4383959108","https://openalex.org/W4384154918","https://openalex.org/W4386033478","https://openalex.org/W4387306661","https://openalex.org/W4388523424","https://openalex.org/W4390013927","https://openalex.org/W4391678298","https://openalex.org/W4392447752","https://openalex.org/W4392715481","https://openalex.org/W4392783116","https://openalex.org/W4392848919","https://openalex.org/W4393540741","https://openalex.org/W4394570432","https://openalex.org/W4399790131","https://openalex.org/W4400426435","https://openalex.org/W4401822275","https://openalex.org/W4404121357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"rapid":[2],"rise":[3],"of":[4,28,109,136],"ChatGPT":[5,37,59],"has":[6],"introduced":[7],"a":[8],"transformative":[9],"tool":[10],"that":[11,72],"enhances":[12],"productivity,":[13],"communication,":[14],"and":[15,49,56,66,84,96,115,133],"task":[16],"automation":[17],"across":[18],"industries.":[19],"However,":[20],"concerns":[21],"are":[22],"emerging":[23],"regarding":[24],"the":[25,62,125,131],"addictive":[26],"potential":[27],"AI":[29,65,140],"large":[30],"language":[31],"models.":[32],"This":[33,121],"paper":[34,123],"explores":[35],"how":[36],"fosters":[38],"dependency":[39],"through":[40],"key":[41],"features":[42,108],"such":[43,111],"as":[44,112],"personalised":[45],"responses,":[46],"emotional":[47],"validation,":[48],"continuous":[50],"engagement.":[51],"By":[52],"offering":[53],"instant":[54],"gratification":[55],"adaptive":[57],"dialogue,":[58],"may":[60,87],"blur":[61],"line":[63],"between":[64],"human":[67,76],"interaction,":[68],"creating":[69],"pseudosocial":[70],"bonds":[71],"can":[73],"replace":[74],"genuine":[75],"relationships.":[77],"Additionally,":[78],"its":[79],"ability":[80],"to":[81,89,98],"streamline":[82],"decision-making":[83],"boost":[85],"productivity":[86],"lead":[88],"over-reliance,":[90],"reducing":[91],"users'":[92],"critical":[93],"thinking":[94],"skills":[95],"contributing":[97],"compulsive":[99],"usage":[100],"patterns.":[101],"These":[102],"behavioural":[103],"tendencies":[104],"align":[105],"with":[106,117,139],"known":[107],"addiction,":[110],"increased":[113],"tolerance":[114],"conflict":[116],"daily":[118],"life":[119],"priorities.":[120],"viewpoint":[122],"highlights":[124],"need":[126],"for":[127],"further":[128],"research":[129],"into":[130],"psychological":[132],"social":[134],"impacts":[135],"prolonged":[137],"interaction":[138],"tools":[141],"like":[142],"ChatGPT.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
