{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131238275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","title":"Energy Efficient PSO Integrated TD3 Reinforcement Learning with Nonlinear Energy Harvesting in UAV Assisted D2D Networks","display_name":"Energy Efficient PSO Integrated TD3 Reinforcement Learning with Nonlinear Energy Harvesting in UAV Assisted D2D Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131238275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084895867","display_name":"Shaik Ahmed Pasha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaik Ahmed Pasha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126726300","display_name":"Noor Mohammed Vali Mohamad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noor Mohammed Vali Mohamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126726300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":350,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":377},"apc_paid":{"value":350,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":377},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6579899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.6219000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.6219000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.2648000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982719155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060","display_name":"Energy source","level":3,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-025-00068-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9060660600662231}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2177372563","https://openalex.org/W2761614015","https://openalex.org/W2768730153","https://openalex.org/W2784111728","https://openalex.org/W2807538159","https://openalex.org/W2885421746","https://openalex.org/W2891904594","https://openalex.org/W2907417129","https://openalex.org/W2920861302","https://openalex.org/W2945373946","https://openalex.org/W2951009925","https://openalex.org/W2963035841","https://openalex.org/W2963186244","https://openalex.org/W2979035384","https://openalex.org/W2984045653","https://openalex.org/W2998280308","https://openalex.org/W3005625853","https://openalex.org/W3010006578","https://openalex.org/W3023102341","https://openalex.org/W3023776207","https://openalex.org/W3093571944","https://openalex.org/W3094091075","https://openalex.org/W3120214316","https://openalex.org/W3120310293","https://openalex.org/W3128986620","https://openalex.org/W3130546016","https://openalex.org/W3192574535","https://openalex.org/W4221078378","https://openalex.org/W4311628284","https://openalex.org/W4361200055","https://openalex.org/W4377000513","https://openalex.org/W4384158934","https://openalex.org/W4386524880","https://openalex.org/W4386631532","https://openalex.org/W4387328854","https://openalex.org/W4390044090","https://openalex.org/W4392827291","https://openalex.org/W4400046884","https://openalex.org/W4404115183","https://openalex.org/W4404321553","https://openalex.org/W4404402735","https://openalex.org/W4405485619","https://openalex.org/W4406277548","https://openalex.org/W4406462553"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Device-to-Device":[0],"(D2D)":[1],"communication":[2],"has":[3,37],"become":[4,38],"essential":[5,40],"to":[6,15,25,91,129,133,161,177,181,201],"5":[7,11],"G":[8,12],"and":[9,19,61,79,131,152,168,184,208,215,248,257],"beyond":[10],"networks":[13,53],"due":[14],"its":[16],"enhanced":[17,148],"spectral":[18],"energy":[20,34,100,167,206,255],"efficiency":[21,35,207,256],"capability.":[22],"In":[23,155],"order":[24],"support":[26],"unmanned":[27],"aerial":[28],"vehicles":[29],"(UAVs)":[30],"in":[31,51,141,165,210],"D2D":[32,52,94,111,130,132,134,156,199,231],"communication,":[33],"(EE)":[36],"an":[39],"metric.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,117],"novel":[46],"approach":[47],"for":[48,127,235],"optimizing":[49],"energy-harvesting":[50],"overlaid":[54],"with":[55,276],"UAV":[56,128],"using":[57,139],"simultaneous":[58],"wireless":[59],"information":[60],"power":[62,124],"transfer":[63],"(SWIPT).":[64],"The":[65,136,244],"proposed":[66,142,264],"method":[67,126],"leverages":[68],"the":[69,93,97,109,122,170,178,190,198,203,216,230,239,251,263,277],"strengths":[70],"of":[71,138,146,213,219,227,246],"two":[72],"powerful":[73],"algorithms:":[74],"particle":[75,266],"swarm":[76,267],"optimization":[77],"(PSO)":[78],"twin-delayed":[80],"deep":[81],"deterministic":[82],"policy":[83],"gradient":[84],"(TD3).":[85],"At":[86],"first,":[87],"PSO":[88,247],"is":[89,173,193,221,233,242],"employed":[90],"optimize":[92],"nodes":[95],"within":[96],"network,":[98],"maximizing":[99],"harvesting":[101],"opportunities":[102],"while":[103],"satisfying":[104],"Quality-of-Service":[105],"(QoS)":[106],"requirements.":[107],"Subsequently,":[108],"optimized":[110,268],"node":[112,232],"configurations":[113],"are":[114,144],"fed":[115],"into":[116],"TD3":[118,140,220,249,269],"agent,":[119],"which":[120,175,196],"learns":[121],"optimal":[123],"allocation":[125],"transmissions.":[135],"advantages":[137],"model":[143,265],"reduction":[145,159],"overestimation,":[147],"stability,":[149],"fast":[150,194],"convergence":[151,195],"better":[153,163,222,254,272],"exploration.":[154],"network":[157,200,228,241],"overestimation":[158],"helps":[160],"get":[162],"reward":[164],"achieving":[166],"throughput,":[169],"second":[171],"advantage":[172,192,218],"stability":[174],"refers":[176],"network\u2019s":[179],"ability":[180],"maintain":[182],"consistent":[183],"reliable":[185],"data":[186],"transmission":[187,236],"over":[188],"time,":[189],"third":[191],"makes":[197],"reach":[202],"objectives":[204],"i.e.":[205],"throughput":[209],"less":[211],"amount":[212],"time":[214,238],"last":[217],"exploration,":[223],"during":[224],"search":[225],"operation":[226],"when":[229,274],"selected":[234],"every":[237],"entire":[240],"searched.":[243],"qualities":[245],"make":[250],"system":[252],"achieve":[253],"throughput.":[258],"Simulation":[259],"results":[260,273],"validate":[261],"that":[262],"(PSOT)":[270],"achieved":[271],"compared":[275],"prevailing":[278],"algorithms.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T06:13:28.667946","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}