{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309488207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","title":"Application of 2\u2011gram and 3\u2011gram to Obtain Factor Scores of Statements Posted at Q&amp;A Sites","display_name":"Application of 2\u2011gram and 3\u2011gram to Obtain Factor Scores of Statements Posted at Q&amp;A Sites","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309488207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036039784","display_name":"Yuya Yokoyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9113-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169719367","display_name":"Kyoto Prefectural University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ktqrd38","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169719367"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuya Yokoyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169719367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061039394","display_name":"Teruhisa Hochin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-9237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27429435","display_name":"Kyoto Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00965ax52","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27429435"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teruhisa Hochin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27429435"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028610136","display_name":"Hiroki Nomiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27429435","display_name":"Kyoto Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00965ax52","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27429435"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Nomiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27429435"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036039784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169719367"],"apc_list":{"value":350,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":377},"apc_paid":{"value":350,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":377},"fwci":1.9106,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89139727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","first_page":"11","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram","display_name":"Gram","score":0.8882125020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.8389978408813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.626660943031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.590450644493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5028507113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4799776077270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4667627513408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.42894622683525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3356199860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33247697353363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32871565222740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.208370178937912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161369605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41803","display_name":"Gram","level":3,"score":0.8882125020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.8389978408813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.626660943031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.590450644493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5028507113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4799776077270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4667627513408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.42894622683525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3356199860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33247697353363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32871565222740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.208370178937912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44227-022-00005-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679164","display_name":"\u0098The \u009cInternational journal of networked and distributed computing","issn_l":"2211-7938","issn":["2211-7938","2211-7946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236194794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3348058139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid for Young Scien","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3767134936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20K19933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4367772926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4827429566","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant Numbers","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874944895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6604227174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26008587","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G680394797","display_name":"\u30b7\u30fc\u30b1\u30f3\u30b9\u81ea\u52d5\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u5de5\u696d\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u3078\u306e\u5c0e\u5165","funder_award_id":"26008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752643416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430481527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309488207.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309488207.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966532822","https://openalex.org/W2073707085","https://openalex.org/W2217545724","https://openalex.org/W2887202723","https://openalex.org/W2926348635","https://openalex.org/W2950818156","https://openalex.org/W2991140398","https://openalex.org/W2996332751","https://openalex.org/W3208488328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906970013","https://openalex.org/W3126081632","https://openalex.org/W2625039379","https://openalex.org/W2088254117","https://openalex.org/W4254593385","https://openalex.org/W2790582133","https://openalex.org/W1901380241","https://openalex.org/W4256652904","https://openalex.org/W1598178850","https://openalex.org/W311963822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"a":[2,76,176,219],"view":[3],"to":[4,65,73,121,125,139,164,237],"solving":[5],"the":[6,9,44,89,97,122,133,144,165,180,202,205,210,234],"mismatches":[7],"between":[8],"ideas":[10],"of":[11,15,30,47,99,115,135,146,170,198,233],"questioners":[12],"and":[13,17,71,111,156,191],"respondents":[14,67],"Question":[16],"Answer":[18],"(Q&amp;A)":[19],"sites,":[20],"impression":[21],"evaluation":[22],"experiments":[23],"have":[24,39],"resulted":[25],"in":[26,158,168,175,196,227],"obtaining":[27,104],"nine":[28,151,206],"factors":[29],"impressions.":[31],"Then":[32],"through":[33,93],"multiple":[34],"regression":[35],"analysis":[36,130,148,182,186,195],"factor":[37,55,105,127,239],"scores":[38,56,106],"been":[40,108],"estimated":[41],"by":[42],"utilizing":[43],"feature":[45,166,235],"values":[46,167,236],"statements,":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50,179,230],"syntactic":[51,90,231],"information,":[52],"etc.":[53],"Those":[54],"calculated":[57],"were":[58],"subsequently":[59],"employed":[60],"for":[61,103,149,204],"inspecting":[62],"their":[63],"potential":[64],"detect":[66],"who":[68],"are":[69],"expected":[70],"likely":[72],"appropriately":[74],"answer":[75],"newly":[77],"posted":[78],"question.":[79],"Nevertheless,":[80],"our":[81],"method":[82],"so":[83],"far":[84],"has":[85,107,137,187],"largely":[86],"depended":[87],"on":[88],"information":[91,232],"extracted":[92],"morphological":[94,116,147,173,194],"analysis.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"number":[98],"explanatory":[100,123],"variables":[101,124],"utilized":[102],"appreciably":[109],"extravagant":[110],"complex.":[112],"Thus,":[113],"instead":[114],"analysis,":[117,174],"2-gram":[118,136,171,190,208,221],"was":[119,162],"applied":[120,163],"estimate":[126,238],"scores.":[128,240],"The":[129],"result":[131],"with":[132],"application":[134],"led":[138],"greater":[140],"estimation":[141,199],"accuracy":[142],"than":[143],"case":[145],"all":[150],"factors.":[152],"For":[153],"further":[154],"perception":[155],"comparison,":[157],"this":[159],"paper,":[160],"3-gram":[161,192,223],"place":[169],"or":[172,222],"similar":[177],"fashion":[178],"previous":[181],"using":[183],"2-gram.":[184],"Further":[185],"shown":[188],"that":[189,218],"outperform":[193],"terms":[197],"accuracy.":[200],"Comparing":[201],"results":[203],"factors,":[207],"showed":[209],"best":[211],"results.":[212],"It":[213],"could":[214],"also":[215],"be":[216,225],"suggested":[217],"mere":[220],"would":[224],"sufficient":[226],"applying":[228],"N-gram":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
