{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118131646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","title":"Voxel Depth-Constrained LOD2 Modeling for Urban Buildings","display_name":"Voxel Depth-Constrained LOD2 Modeling for Urban Buildings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118131646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121887753","display_name":"Hailong Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121908580","display_name":"Renzhong Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renzhong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114110689","display_name":"Weixi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028865865","display_name":"Linfu Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-6303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linfu Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113372384","display_name":"Shengjun Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengjun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452118","display_name":"Xiaoming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143555","display_name":"Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/049en1e86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028865865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210143555"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01345221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.8758000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.8758000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.08990000188350677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citygml","display_name":"CityGML","score":0.8431000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facade","display_name":"Facade","score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.7562999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roof","display_name":"Roof","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-model","display_name":"Building model","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.38440001010894775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093900","display_name":"CityGML","level":3,"score":0.8431000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780113678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183061","display_name":"Facade","level":2,"score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.7562999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190694206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276654","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41365986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104153293","display_name":"Level of detail","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150140777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q960648","display_name":"Point of interest","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109950114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4464732","display_name":"3D reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779331490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149292","display_name":"Flat roof","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99404194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163362","display_name":"Vanishing point","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-025-00090-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8494689464569092,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1625904113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42571499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2291643283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515010777","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118131646.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571051704","https://openalex.org/W1975853804","https://openalex.org/W1996086983","https://openalex.org/W2000018820","https://openalex.org/W2127255652","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2215173806","https://openalex.org/W2519823314","https://openalex.org/W2776645264","https://openalex.org/W2901893665","https://openalex.org/W3034836960","https://openalex.org/W3138313064","https://openalex.org/W3195542546","https://openalex.org/W4205419321","https://openalex.org/W4207078053","https://openalex.org/W4229364342","https://openalex.org/W4306394309","https://openalex.org/W4313650119","https://openalex.org/W4313827554","https://openalex.org/W4380927854","https://openalex.org/W4386501079","https://openalex.org/W4387500370","https://openalex.org/W4401010022","https://openalex.org/W4401207777","https://openalex.org/W4403289247","https://openalex.org/W4404612485","https://openalex.org/W4410391220"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"3D":[1,70,255,267],"building":[2,35,71,89,113,128,256,268],"models":[3,36,61,90],"play":[4],"a":[5,81,167],"critical":[6],"role":[7,49],"in":[8,15,40,64,111,181,206],"smart":[9],"cities":[10,44],"and":[11,20,50,68,123,191,217,240],"strongly":[12],"support":[13],"applications":[14,231,263],"urban":[16,21,261],"planning,":[17],"augmented":[18],"reality":[19],"event":[22],"simulation.":[23],"Urban":[24],"scale":[25],"city":[26],"modelling":[27],"with":[28,91,187],"City":[29],"Geography":[30],"Markup":[31],"Language":[32],"(CityGML)":[33],"LOD2":[34,60,88,112],"have":[37,137],"been":[38],"constructed":[39],"over":[41],"several":[42],"developed":[43],"due":[45],"to":[46,104,172,215,228,265],"their":[47],"significant":[48],"relatively":[51],"high":[52],"cost.":[53],"However,":[54],"existing":[55,188],"single-building":[56],"reconstruction":[57,72,161,197],"methods":[58,190,193,200],"for":[59,85,250],"are":[62,163],"unsatisfactory":[63],"preserving":[65,182],"roof":[66,93,129,152,183],"details,":[67],"large-scale":[69,254],"still":[73],"requires":[74],"extensive":[75],"manual":[76],"editing.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79,143],"proposes":[80],"fully":[82],"automated":[83],"framework":[84],"generating":[86],"CityGML":[87],"preferred":[92],"details":[94],"from":[95,99,151,213],"photogrammetric":[96,120],"point":[97,121,153],"clouds":[98],"aerial":[100],"oblique":[101],"images,":[102],"aiming":[103],"address":[105],"two":[106,233],"key":[107],"challenges:":[108],"(1)":[109],"difficulties":[110],"model":[114,222],"generation":[115],"caused":[116],"by":[117,147,165],"missing":[118],"facade":[119,145],"clouds,":[122],"(2)":[124],"insufficient":[125],"fidelity":[126],"of":[127,176,198,253],"details.":[130,184],"Based":[131],"on":[132],"the":[133,156,174,196,202,220,251],"observation":[134],"that":[135,195,224,245],"buildings":[136,239,242],"typical":[138,234],"\u201croof-vertical":[139],"walls-ground\u201d":[140],"structures,":[141],"this":[142],"infers":[144],"areas":[146],"height":[148],"maps":[149],"generated":[150],"clouds.":[154],"Besides,":[155],"Hypothesis-Selection-Based":[157],"(HSB)":[158],"polygon":[159],"surface":[160],"frameworks":[162],"extended":[164],"introducing":[166],"novel":[168],"voxel":[169],"depth":[170],"index":[171],"measure":[173],"importance":[175],"each":[177],"candidate":[178],"planar":[179],"unit":[180],"Experimental":[185],"comparison":[186],"HSB":[189],"deep-learning-based":[192],"revealed":[194],"proposed":[199],"achieves":[201,219],"best":[203,221],"geometry":[204],"accuracy":[205],"Root":[207],"Mean":[208],"Squared":[209],"Error":[210],"(RMSE)":[211],"ranging":[212],"0.157m":[214],"0.660m,":[216],"also":[218],"coverage":[223],"is":[225,248],"between":[226],"75.14%":[227],"93.15%.":[229],"Reconstruction":[230],"using":[232],"datasets":[235],"which":[236],"include":[237],"288":[238],"106":[241],"respectively":[243],"indicate":[244],"our":[246],"method":[247],"competent":[249],"task":[252],"reconstruction,":[257],"thus,":[258],"supporting":[259],"various":[260],"computing":[262],"related":[264],"fine-scale":[266],"models.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-04T00:00:00"}