{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4300003009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","title":"Urban land cover mapping with Sentinel-2: a spectro-spatio-temporal analysis","display_name":"Urban land cover mapping with Sentinel-2: a spectro-spatio-temporal analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4300003009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003477427","display_name":"Fei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1976-8437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202500258","display_name":"Research Institute for Nature and Forest","ror":"https://ror.org/00j54wy13","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202500258"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202500258","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057047035","display_name":"Stien Heremans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-1093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202500258","display_name":"Research Institute for Nature and Forest","ror":"https://ror.org/00j54wy13","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202500258"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stien Heremans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202500258","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083335734","display_name":"Ben Somers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7875-107X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202500258","display_name":"Research Institute for Nature and Forest","ror":"https://ror.org/00j54wy13","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202500258"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Somers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202500258","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Studies Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003477427","https://openalex.org/A5083335734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202500258","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8800944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.8150341510772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7316868305206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6171780824661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5556723475456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4930247962474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.46159908175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-signature","display_name":"Spectral signature","score":0.460204541683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4517785608768463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-bands","display_name":"Spectral bands","score":0.44661185145378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4277842044830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.41076135635375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40708503127098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.35961008071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3274059593677521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32426172494888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2523585259914398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07448780536651611}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.8150341510772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7316868305206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6171780824661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5556723475456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4930247962474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.46159908175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.460204541683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4517785608768463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114700698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882278","display_name":"Spectral bands","level":2,"score":0.44661185145378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4277842044830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.41076135635375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40708503127098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35961008071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3274059593677521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32426172494888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2523585259914398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07448780536651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/703800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/703800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics, vol. 1, Art.No. 8","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44212-022-00008-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283136","display_name":"Urban Informatics","issn_l":"2731-6963","issn":["2731-6963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3396131108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706040077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4300003009.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4300003009.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159883374","https://openalex.org/W203013619","https://openalex.org/W278157659","https://openalex.org/W1480487340","https://openalex.org/W1894641570","https://openalex.org/W1965853007","https://openalex.org/W1965905691","https://openalex.org/W1968563567","https://openalex.org/W1972293418","https://openalex.org/W1988353925","https://openalex.org/W1989709497","https://openalex.org/W1994668970","https://openalex.org/W1996534964","https://openalex.org/W2004056710","https://openalex.org/W2009235968","https://openalex.org/W2012029996","https://openalex.org/W2013369800","https://openalex.org/W2017270226","https://openalex.org/W2036670520","https://openalex.org/W2038507433","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2049315139","https://openalex.org/W2053688812","https://openalex.org/W2054116204","https://openalex.org/W2055718260","https://openalex.org/W2059998433","https://openalex.org/W2064691232","https://openalex.org/W2081829028","https://openalex.org/W2086823339","https://openalex.org/W2106584184","https://openalex.org/W2109531142","https://openalex.org/W2118899651","https://openalex.org/W2120772334","https://openalex.org/W2123907688","https://openalex.org/W2127070009","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2135350092","https://openalex.org/W2137893158","https://openalex.org/W2141206308","https://openalex.org/W2144881411","https://openalex.org/W2151773573","https://openalex.org/W2156401956","https://openalex.org/W2157154835","https://openalex.org/W2168341506","https://openalex.org/W2169627224","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2266902344","https://openalex.org/W2303172903","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2330777395","https://openalex.org/W2469209908","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2536760076","https://openalex.org/W2566048193","https://openalex.org/W2581906016","https://openalex.org/W2611718212","https://openalex.org/W2737544618","https://openalex.org/W2794252992","https://openalex.org/W2805696714","https://openalex.org/W2889983979","https://openalex.org/W2895942690","https://openalex.org/W2917260472","https://openalex.org/W2936749479","https://openalex.org/W2945812247","https://openalex.org/W2962723135","https://openalex.org/W2963180193","https://openalex.org/W2976120863","https://openalex.org/W2984033187","https://openalex.org/W2996948100","https://openalex.org/W3000802654","https://openalex.org/W3003382494","https://openalex.org/W3110349648","https://openalex.org/W6601578796","https://openalex.org/W6630089641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W2680647589","https://openalex.org/W1989926799","https://openalex.org/W2078183677","https://openalex.org/W2092363223","https://openalex.org/W2976811157","https://openalex.org/W1994705495","https://openalex.org/W2798328034","https://openalex.org/W2415341181","https://openalex.org/W2086636525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Because":[1],"of":[2,50,64,70,77,89,145,157,191,236,244],"its":[3,119],"high":[4],"spatial":[5,39,48,155],"resolution":[6,49,76,108,156],"(10":[7,15],"m":[8],"and":[9,18,40,61,167,170,199,207,228,238],"20":[10],"m),":[11],"rich":[12],"spectral":[13,16,41,75,87,146,171],"information":[14],"bands),":[17],"short":[19],"revisit":[20],"period":[21],"(5":[22],"days),":[23],"Sentinel-2":[24,51,78,110,163],"provides":[25],"new":[26],"opportunities":[27],"for":[28,85,114,216],"earth":[29],"observation.":[30],"However,":[31],"in":[32,37,136,249],"urban":[33,59,90,101,122,138],"environments,":[34],"data":[35,112],"limitations":[36],"the":[38,47,57,62,68,74,86,95,105,143,154,181,189,205,242,250],"dimensions":[42],"constrain":[43],"Sentinel-2\u2019s":[44,134],"performance:":[45],"(i)":[46],"is":[52,79,214],"not":[53,80],"sufficient":[54],"to":[55,82,121,128,203,241],"resolve":[56],"heterogeneous":[58],"landscapes,":[60],"prevalence":[63],"mixed":[65],"pixels":[66],"lowers":[67],"performance":[69,135],"image":[71,98,111,164,174,182,218],"classifiers;":[72],"(ii)":[73],"able":[81],"fully":[83],"account":[84],"variability":[88,147],"surface":[91],"materials,":[92],"which":[93],"increases":[94],"probability":[96],"that":[97,180,221],"classifiers":[99,190],"mislabels":[100],"land":[102,123,139,245],"covers.":[103],"Also,":[104],"5-day":[106],"temporal":[107,169],"makes":[109],"suitable":[113,215],"time":[115,175,183,219],"series":[116,184,220],"analysis,":[117],"but":[118],"contribution":[120,235],"cover":[124,246],"mapping":[125,137,247],"still":[126],"needs":[127],"be":[129],"quantified.":[130],"This":[131],"study":[132],"evaluated":[133],"covers":[140],"by":[141,186,226],"mitigating":[142],"effect":[144],"(using":[148,159],"FDA,":[149],"Fisher":[150],"Discriminant":[151],"Analysis),":[152],"improving":[153],"images":[158],"UnFuSen2,":[160],"a":[161,233],"state-of-art":[162],"fusion":[165],"approach),":[166],"utilizing":[168],"characteristics":[172],"from":[173],"series.":[176],"Overall,":[177],"we":[178,231],"found":[179,232],"processed":[185,225],"UnFuSen2":[187],"enables":[188],"k":[192],"nearest":[193],"neighbor":[194],"(KNN),":[195],"maximum":[196],"likelihood":[197],"(MLC),":[198],"random":[200],"forests":[201],"(RF)":[202],"perform":[204],"best,":[206],"multiple":[208],"endmember":[209],"spectra":[210],"mixture":[211],"analysis":[212],"(MESMA)":[213],"classifying":[217],"have":[222],"been":[223],"jointly":[224],"FDA":[227],"UnFuSen2.":[229],"Besides,":[230],"significant":[234],"spring":[237],"summer":[239],"imagery":[240],"improvement":[243],"accuracy":[248],"Brussels":[251],"Capital":[252],"Region.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
