{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392561702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","title":"AI Risk Assessment: A Scenario-Based, Proportional Methodology for the AI Act","display_name":"AI Risk Assessment: A Scenario-Based, Proportional Methodology for the AI Act","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392561702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086677960","display_name":"Claudio Novelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Novelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052670679","display_name":"Federico Casolari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-5426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Casolari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047729346","display_name":"Antonino Rotolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonino Rotolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032735","display_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046574356","display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy","Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, 40126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086677960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975","https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":67.5331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99948983,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9527999758720398,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9251999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.4206770062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40479716658592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3442029356956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17317214608192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.070802241563797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4206770062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40479716658592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3442029356956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17317214608192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.070802241563797}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/965705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:9fc2f8f2-f867-438d-b1fc-28ddd2c44078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9fc2f8f2-f867-438d-b1fc-28ddd2c44078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jisc Publications Router","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/NOVHTE","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/NOVHTE","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/NOVHTE","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/NOVHTE","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-024-00095-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152936007","https://openalex.org/W1203352168","https://openalex.org/W1522342316","https://openalex.org/W1597255218","https://openalex.org/W1851854402","https://openalex.org/W1965006519","https://openalex.org/W1976268118","https://openalex.org/W1994668345","https://openalex.org/W2010009474","https://openalex.org/W2035098591","https://openalex.org/W2102246800","https://openalex.org/W2107171921","https://openalex.org/W2117090172","https://openalex.org/W2119858750","https://openalex.org/W2125192540","https://openalex.org/W2147704565","https://openalex.org/W2165751997","https://openalex.org/W2165945438","https://openalex.org/W2270054871","https://openalex.org/W2415254180","https://openalex.org/W2581083232","https://openalex.org/W2598536962","https://openalex.org/W2624513334","https://openalex.org/W2745660631","https://openalex.org/W2800447667","https://openalex.org/W2887820101","https://openalex.org/W2902889641","https://openalex.org/W2971781757","https://openalex.org/W3092343157","https://openalex.org/W3128070792","https://openalex.org/W3145783546","https://openalex.org/W3157248347","https://openalex.org/W3163185218","https://openalex.org/W3185778395","https://openalex.org/W3191061256","https://openalex.org/W4240457739","https://openalex.org/W4240712232","https://openalex.org/W4249650243","https://openalex.org/W4281782792","https://openalex.org/W4290928581","https://openalex.org/W4298197486","https://openalex.org/W4303184273","https://openalex.org/W4310404888","https://openalex.org/W4311524007","https://openalex.org/W4313384217","https://openalex.org/W4401266840","https://openalex.org/W6629983152","https://openalex.org/W6631430302","https://openalex.org/W6691748064","https://openalex.org/W6692754078","https://openalex.org/W6752490015","https://openalex.org/W6820977113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2417158417","https://openalex.org/W2162350346","https://openalex.org/W3138050359","https://openalex.org/W2000498638","https://openalex.org/W2085558045","https://openalex.org/W4210784828","https://openalex.org/W2013166250","https://openalex.org/W2946634840","https://openalex.org/W3193040745","https://openalex.org/W2967550622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"EU":[2],"Artificial":[3],"Intelligence":[4],"Act":[5],"(AIA)":[6],"defines":[7],"four":[8],"risk":[9,48,58,66,101,108,118,139,166],"categories":[10],"for":[11,25,55,169],"AI":[12,44,57,100,138,170],"systems:":[13],"unacceptable,":[14],"high,":[15],"limited,":[16],"and":[17,46,90,115,162],"minimal.":[18],"However,":[19],"it":[20],"lacks":[21],"a":[22,53,78,96,128],"clear":[23],"methodology":[24,54,125],"the":[26,40,62,75,82,104,123,133,150,154,158],"assessment":[27],"of":[28,43,64,99,113,146,160],"these":[29],"risks":[30],"in":[31,137],"concrete":[32],"situations.":[33],"Risks":[34],"are":[35],"broadly":[36],"categorized":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,61,85],"application":[41],"areas":[42],"systems":[45,168],"ambiguous":[47],"factors.":[49],"This":[50,93],"paper":[51],"suggests":[52],"assessing":[56],"magnitudes,":[59],"focusing":[60],"construction":[63],"real-world":[65],"scenarios.":[67],"To":[68],"this":[69,147],"scope,":[70],"we":[71,142],"propose":[72],"to":[73,131,152,156,163],"integrate":[74],"AIA":[76],"with":[77],"framework":[79],"developed":[80],"by":[81,102,126],"Intergovernmental":[83],"Panel":[84],"Climate":[86],"Change":[87],"(IPCC)":[88],"reports":[89],"related":[91],"literature.":[92],"approach":[94,148],"enables":[95],"nuanced":[97],"analysis":[98],"exploring":[103],"interplay":[105],"between":[106],"(a)":[107],"determinants,":[109,114],"(b)":[110],"individual":[111],"drivers":[112],"(c)":[116],"multiple":[117],"types.":[119],"We":[120],"further":[121],"refine":[122],"proposed":[124],"applying":[127],"proportionality":[129],"test":[130],"balance":[132],"competing":[134],"values":[135],"involved":[136],"assessment.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"present":[143],"three":[144],"uses":[145],"under":[149],"AIA:":[151],"implement":[153],"Regulation,":[155],"assess":[157],"significance":[159],"risks,":[161],"develop":[164],"internal":[165],"management":[167],"deployers.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}