{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386690805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","title":"A Proposal for a Definition of General Purpose Artificial Intelligence Systems","display_name":"A Proposal for a Definition of General Purpose Artificial Intelligence Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386690805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008190413","display_name":"Carlos Ignacio Gutierrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-2134"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos I. Gutierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088038041","display_name":"Anthony Aguirre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-7141"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Aguirre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086756842","display_name":"Risto Uuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risto Uuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044792509","display_name":"Claire Boine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-1217"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire C. Boine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future of Life Institute, 933 Montgomery Ave #1012, Narberth, PA, 19072, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030262115","display_name":"Matija Franklin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-8907"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matija Franklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Psychology, College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Psychology, College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030262115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":5.6624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96820471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9567999839782715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.8727587461471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.7185201048851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6452569961547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5950132608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5002539157867432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.49683240056037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.49579986929893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.4916875958442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.48761263489723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45887577533721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.43236202001571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3645228147506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3357354998588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.13437208533287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.13342896103858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12784045934677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11966216564178467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.8727587461471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.7185201048851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6452569961547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5950132608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5002539157867432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.49683240056037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.49579986929893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4916875958442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48761263489723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45887577533721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.43236202001571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3645228147506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3357354998588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.13437208533287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.13342896103858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12784045934677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11966216564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44206-023-00068-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180585","display_name":"Digital Society","issn_l":"2731-4650","issn":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386690805.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997767101","https://openalex.org/W2132075088","https://openalex.org/W2338752550","https://openalex.org/W2511953903","https://openalex.org/W2967624147","https://openalex.org/W2970852766","https://openalex.org/W2989847975","https://openalex.org/W3042499904","https://openalex.org/W3118210634","https://openalex.org/W3192676180","https://openalex.org/W3202827322","https://openalex.org/W3217791123","https://openalex.org/W4212915308","https://openalex.org/W4283157303","https://openalex.org/W6606082447","https://openalex.org/W6637661529","https://openalex.org/W6680085923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W4381094582","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W1977906818","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W2369625323","https://openalex.org/W2364579609","https://openalex.org/W1522139108","https://openalex.org/W2353528968","https://openalex.org/W2032776242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"European":[2],"Union":[3],"(EU)":[4],"is":[5,129],"in":[6,86,91,159],"the":[7,20,24,30,33,82,87,92,97,100,115,122,140,153,160],"middle":[8],"of":[9,27,35,89,99,102,114,157],"comprehensively":[10],"regulating":[11],"artificial":[12],"intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"through":[15],"an":[16,133],"effort":[17],"known":[18],"as":[19,38,70],"AI":[21,41],"Act.":[22],"Within":[23],"vast":[25],"spectrum":[26],"issues":[28],"under":[29],"Act\u2019s":[31],"aegis,":[32],"treatment":[34],"technologies":[36],"classified":[37],"general":[39],"purpose":[40,103],"systems":[42,61],"(GPAIS)":[43],"merits":[44],"special":[45],"consideration.":[46],"Particularly,":[47],"existing":[48],"proposals":[49],"to":[50,58,65,80,95,105,109,130,146],"define":[51,106],"GPAIS":[52,90,137],"do":[53],"not":[54],"provide":[55],"sufficient":[56],"guidance":[57],"distinguish":[59],"these":[60,148],"from":[62],"those":[63],"designed":[64],"perform":[66],"specific":[67],"tasks,":[68],"denominated":[69],"fixed-purpose.":[71],"Thus,":[72],"our":[73],"working":[74],"paper":[75],"has":[76],"three":[77],"objectives:":[78],"first,":[79],"highlight":[81],"variance":[83],"and":[84,142,151,155,162],"ambiguity":[85],"interpretation":[88],"literature;":[93],"second,":[94],"examine":[96],"dimensions":[98],"generality":[101],"available":[104],"GPAIS;":[107],"lastly,":[108],"propose":[110],"a":[111],"functional":[112],"definition":[113],"term":[116],"that":[117,138],"facilitates":[118],"its":[119],"governance":[120],"within":[121],"EU.":[123],"Our":[124],"intention":[125],"with":[126],"this":[127],"piece":[128],"offer":[131],"policymakers":[132],"alternative":[134],"perspective":[135],"on":[136],"improves":[139],"hard":[141],"soft":[143],"law":[144],"efforts":[145],"mitigate":[147],"systems\u2019":[149],"risks":[150],"protect":[152],"well-being":[154],"future":[156],"constituencies":[158],"EU":[161],"globally.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}