{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140552231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","title":"Systematic Review for Detecting & Diagnosing Brain Tumor Using Deep Learning: Current Trends and Future Research Directions","display_name":"Systematic Review for Detecting & Diagnosing Brain Tumor Using Deep Learning: Current Trends and Future Research Directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140552231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088139460","display_name":"Usman Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-1187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-1187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Irfan Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-388X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035448571","display_name":"Kamran Shaukat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-3383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Shaukat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Business and Hospitality Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-3383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Business and Hospitality Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003893825","display_name":"Mansoor Ihsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","display_name":"University of Greater Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/01t884y44","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mansoor Ihsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Greater Manchester, Bolton, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-7884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Greater Manchester, Bolton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003893825","https://openalex.org/A5035448571","https://openalex.org/A5088139460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572","https://openalex.org/I165678365","https://openalex.org/I184840846","https://openalex.org/I4210142395"],"apc_list":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"apc_paid":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23980815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.603600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.603600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.15760000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9133999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-normalization","display_name":"Database normalization","score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.34150001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9133999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7365000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162984825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339072","display_name":"Database normalization","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145741570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251534","display_name":"Proteogenomics","level":5,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aabec548572141c2ab43f9654e5b4d87","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aabec548572141c2ab43f9654e5b4d87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01283-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3168211302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2025/RV/16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334464","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334464","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":174,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W2083218588","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2782402564","https://openalex.org/W2887513492","https://openalex.org/W2901252647","https://openalex.org/W2961422708","https://openalex.org/W2979754953","https://openalex.org/W2982676316","https://openalex.org/W2997866265","https://openalex.org/W2998623084","https://openalex.org/W3000375180","https://openalex.org/W3006341025","https://openalex.org/W3015933154","https://openalex.org/W3027411515","https://openalex.org/W3032992192","https://openalex.org/W3034869312","https://openalex.org/W3083030093","https://openalex.org/W3094156580","https://openalex.org/W3121230390","https://openalex.org/W3127320920","https://openalex.org/W3130462440","https://openalex.org/W3134189189","https://openalex.org/W3142164167","https://openalex.org/W3151682712","https://openalex.org/W3164527156","https://openalex.org/W3164781147","https://openalex.org/W3165440601","https://openalex.org/W3176330137","https://openalex.org/W3177148339","https://openalex.org/W3190096276","https://openalex.org/W3196811303","https://openalex.org/W3201184102","https://openalex.org/W3208871204","https://openalex.org/W3212048128","https://openalex.org/W3212162201","https://openalex.org/W3216594704","https://openalex.org/W4212821842","https://openalex.org/W4220859898","https://openalex.org/W4221125490","https://openalex.org/W4221163766","https://openalex.org/W4223942063","https://openalex.org/W4224324502","https://openalex.org/W4224980534","https://openalex.org/W4225149786","https://openalex.org/W4225598836","https://openalex.org/W4234301045","https://openalex.org/W4280594023","https://openalex.org/W4280601680","https://openalex.org/W4281710060","https://openalex.org/W4281790811","https://openalex.org/W4285506153","https://openalex.org/W4286209802","https://openalex.org/W4292694401","https://openalex.org/W4295517687","https://openalex.org/W4296640326","https://openalex.org/W4296998418","https://openalex.org/W4303981165","https://openalex.org/W4306748536","https://openalex.org/W4308100452","https://openalex.org/W4308212668","https://openalex.org/W4309681113","https://openalex.org/W4310214347","https://openalex.org/W4313233171","https://openalex.org/W4318336221","https://openalex.org/W4319083555","https://openalex.org/W4319303005","https://openalex.org/W4321374369","https://openalex.org/W4321760728","https://openalex.org/W4322707229","https://openalex.org/W4360602995","https://openalex.org/W4362602218","https://openalex.org/W4362672011","https://openalex.org/W4365135358","https://openalex.org/W4365813716","https://openalex.org/W4378084088","https://openalex.org/W4380538090","https://openalex.org/W4382240736","https://openalex.org/W4384434002","https://openalex.org/W4384517970","https://openalex.org/W4385987583","https://openalex.org/W4386384331","https://openalex.org/W4386457665","https://openalex.org/W4386748371","https://openalex.org/W4386854542","https://openalex.org/W4386961883","https://openalex.org/W4387100155","https://openalex.org/W4387140261","https://openalex.org/W4387189751","https://openalex.org/W4387356825","https://openalex.org/W4387376141","https://openalex.org/W4390339811","https://openalex.org/W4390727620","https://openalex.org/W4390970290","https://openalex.org/W4391418201","https://openalex.org/W4391524520","https://openalex.org/W4392107379","https://openalex.org/W4392133077","https://openalex.org/W4392518777","https://openalex.org/W4392810939","https://openalex.org/W4392812159","https://openalex.org/W4393247259","https://openalex.org/W4393316741","https://openalex.org/W4393363816","https://openalex.org/W4394915550","https://openalex.org/W4395027377","https://openalex.org/W4395046098","https://openalex.org/W4396519496","https://openalex.org/W4396762217","https://openalex.org/W4396766030","https://openalex.org/W4396773640","https://openalex.org/W4396828329","https://openalex.org/W4398167402","https://openalex.org/W4399558075","https://openalex.org/W4399571984","https://openalex.org/W4399724052","https://openalex.org/W4400583498","https://openalex.org/W4400726844","https://openalex.org/W4401028748","https://openalex.org/W4401062988","https://openalex.org/W4401520213","https://openalex.org/W4401687950","https://openalex.org/W4401943059","https://openalex.org/W4402259364","https://openalex.org/W4402302097","https://openalex.org/W4402351766","https://openalex.org/W4402603174","https://openalex.org/W4402774349","https://openalex.org/W4402895018","https://openalex.org/W4402999384","https://openalex.org/W4403077712","https://openalex.org/W4403256852","https://openalex.org/W4403390139","https://openalex.org/W4403543384","https://openalex.org/W4403651582","https://openalex.org/W4403998004","https://openalex.org/W4404280349","https://openalex.org/W4405022739","https://openalex.org/W4405123521","https://openalex.org/W4405847520","https://openalex.org/W4405850302","https://openalex.org/W4405866995","https://openalex.org/W4406208241","https://openalex.org/W4406955979","https://openalex.org/W4407040232","https://openalex.org/W4407064005","https://openalex.org/W4407450863","https://openalex.org/W4407693442","https://openalex.org/W4407821543","https://openalex.org/W4407910983","https://openalex.org/W4408005795","https://openalex.org/W4408080028","https://openalex.org/W4408103865","https://openalex.org/W4408257063","https://openalex.org/W4408272825","https://openalex.org/W4408413935","https://openalex.org/W4408915458","https://openalex.org/W4409574641","https://openalex.org/W4409638097","https://openalex.org/W4409684105","https://openalex.org/W4410638907","https://openalex.org/W4410900690","https://openalex.org/W4411373529","https://openalex.org/W4411852275","https://openalex.org/W4411868963","https://openalex.org/W4412134135","https://openalex.org/W4412151703","https://openalex.org/W4412441416","https://openalex.org/W4413324664","https://openalex.org/W4413451815","https://openalex.org/W4413627716","https://openalex.org/W4413754851","https://openalex.org/W4413880491","https://openalex.org/W4413917335"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"supports":[3],"automated":[4],"brain":[5],"tumor":[6],"analysis":[7],"on":[8,30,42,200,210,238],"magnetic":[9],"resonance":[10],"imaging":[11,108],"(MRI),":[12],"and":[13,21,33,37,49,64,78,84,102,119,139,160,169,188,203,214,224,230,245],"reported":[14],"performance":[15],"varies":[16],"across":[17,60,212],"scanners,":[18],"protocols,":[19],"cohorts,":[20],"annotation":[22],"practice.":[23,121],"This":[24],"systematic":[25],"review":[26],"synthesizes":[27],"peer-reviewed":[28],"evidence":[29,148],"segmentation,":[31],"classification,":[32],"detection":[34],"using":[35,57,191],"single-":[36],"multi-sequence":[38],"MRI,":[39],"with":[40,90,144,194,206,216],"emphasis":[41],"model":[43],"families,":[44],"data":[45,96],"preparation,":[46],"evaluation":[47,177],"design,":[48],"translation":[50],"barriers.":[51],"Literature":[52],"identification":[53],"followed":[54],"PRISMA":[55],"guidelines":[56],"structured":[58],"queries":[59],"major":[61],"bibliographic":[62],"databases":[63],"digital":[65],"libraries.":[66],"The":[67,92,122,147,233],"process":[68],"applied":[69],"predefined":[70],"eligibility":[71],"criteria,":[72],"removed":[73],"duplicates,":[74],"screened":[75],"titles,":[76],"abstracts,":[77],"reviewed":[79],"full":[80],"texts.":[81],"Research":[82],"quality":[83],"risk":[85],"of":[86],"bias":[87],"were":[88],"assessed":[89],"QUADAS-2.":[91],"appraisal":[93],"also":[94,165,235],"checked":[95],"leakage":[97],"risk,":[98],"external":[99],"validation":[100,117,247],"use,":[101],"reporting":[103,198,225],"completeness.":[104],"Data":[105],"extraction":[106],"captured":[107],"sequences,":[109],"label":[110],"provenance,":[111],"preprocessing,":[112],"augmentation,":[113],"architecture,":[114],"training":[115,190],"objectives,":[116,187],"strategy,":[118],"interpretability":[120],"synthesis":[123,234],"groups":[124],"methods":[125],"into":[126],"convolutional":[127],"encoder-decoder":[128],"networks,":[129,138],"attention-augmented":[130],"U-Net":[131],"variants,":[132],"transformer-based":[133],"vision":[134],"backbones,":[135],"graph":[136],"neural":[137],"hybrids":[140],"combining":[141],"global":[142],"features":[143],"boundary":[145],"refinement.":[146],"base":[149],"reports":[150,166],"recurring":[151],"limits":[152],"in":[153],"benchmark":[154],"comparability,":[155],"linked":[156],"to":[157],"heterogeneous":[158],"labels":[159],"limited":[161],"multicentre":[162],"testing.":[163],"It":[164],"incomplete":[167],"uncertainty":[168],"calibration":[170],"reporting,":[171],"which":[172,182],"complicates":[173],"clinical":[174,207,231],"interpretation.":[175],"Cross-site":[176],"frequently":[178],"identifies":[179],"domain":[180],"shift,":[181],"motivates":[183,236],"normalization":[184],"procedures,":[185],"adaptation":[186],"privacy-preserving":[189],"federated":[192],"optimization":[193],"secure":[195],"aggregation.":[196],"Interpretability":[197],"concentrates":[199],"saliency,":[201],"attribution,":[202],"counterfactual":[204],"analysis,":[205],"utility":[208],"depending":[209],"stability":[211],"perturbations":[213],"alignment":[215],"radiological":[217],"priors.":[218],"These":[219],"findings":[220],"specify":[221],"methodological":[222],"gaps":[223],"requirements":[226],"for":[227],"reproducible":[228],"benchmarking":[229],"evaluation.":[232],"research":[237],"self-supervised":[239],"pretraining,":[240],"longitudinal":[241],"modelling,":[242],"radiogenomic":[243],"integration,":[244],"human-in-the-loop":[246],"within":[248],"routine":[249],"workflows.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}