{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131317035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","title":"Applying the Pythagorean Fuzzy Set-based and the MULTIMOORA Method to Address Renewable Energy Source Selection Issues","display_name":"Applying the Pythagorean Fuzzy Set-based and the MULTIMOORA Method to Address Renewable Energy Source Selection Issues","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131317035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055064817","display_name":"Kuei\u2010Hu Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-7386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802777525","display_name":"R.O.C Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02xcgb468","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kuei-Hu Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-7386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004327071","display_name":"Yu-Dian Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802777525","display_name":"R.O.C Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02xcgb468","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Dian Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072930409","display_name":"Zong-Sian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-8692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802777525","display_name":"R.O.C Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02xcgb468","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zong-Sian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055064817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32126058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13331","display_name":"Energy and Environmental Sustainability","score":0.05640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6651999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pythagorean-theorem","display_name":"Pythagorean theorem","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3896999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6651999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100461760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11518","display_name":"Pythagorean theorem","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982719155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060","display_name":"Energy source","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779606619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092524","display_name":"Interchangeability","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9fc9db79bf85424fa007c69883c2a4a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9fc9db79bf85424fa007c69883c2a4a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01221-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G478105037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 113-2221-E-145-002-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980564456","https://openalex.org/W2013932252","https://openalex.org/W2019443512","https://openalex.org/W2083341222","https://openalex.org/W2104077967","https://openalex.org/W2396040005","https://openalex.org/W2770948902","https://openalex.org/W2806437363","https://openalex.org/W2921484168","https://openalex.org/W2942471816","https://openalex.org/W3004858390","https://openalex.org/W3097734114","https://openalex.org/W3160512716","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4225874016","https://openalex.org/W4281743940","https://openalex.org/W4283366728","https://openalex.org/W4309776813","https://openalex.org/W4309785403","https://openalex.org/W4313420403","https://openalex.org/W4320473594","https://openalex.org/W4322763975","https://openalex.org/W4353031509","https://openalex.org/W4361204738","https://openalex.org/W4361268590","https://openalex.org/W4365509859","https://openalex.org/W4366751887","https://openalex.org/W4367849535","https://openalex.org/W4375866116","https://openalex.org/W4379375083","https://openalex.org/W4379378299","https://openalex.org/W4380261240","https://openalex.org/W4382046041","https://openalex.org/W4383724596","https://openalex.org/W4384469844","https://openalex.org/W4385555904","https://openalex.org/W4385727896","https://openalex.org/W4385955142","https://openalex.org/W4386028847","https://openalex.org/W4386189034","https://openalex.org/W4392623301","https://openalex.org/W4396509068","https://openalex.org/W4400283763","https://openalex.org/W4403063395","https://openalex.org/W4404167847","https://openalex.org/W4404452227","https://openalex.org/W4404723291","https://openalex.org/W4415121434","https://openalex.org/W4416971341"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"policy":[1],"plays":[2],"a":[3],"pivotal":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,10,30,69,80,97,186,188],"assessing":[7],"economic":[8],"development":[9],"nations":[11],"worldwide.":[12],"As":[13],"environmental":[14,35],"awareness":[15],"grows,":[16],"selecting":[17,41],"renewable":[18,42,129],"energy":[19,25,43,130,142],"has":[20],"become":[21],"more":[22],"important.":[23],"Renewable":[24],"sources":[26],"are":[27],"significant":[28],"tools":[29],"reducing":[31],"carbon":[32],"emissions":[33],"and":[34,49,74,90,150,163,172,196,199],"pollution.":[36],"The":[37,158,175],"challenges":[38],"related":[39],"to":[40,127,146],"sources,":[44],"which":[45],"involve":[46],"multiple":[47,50],"experts":[48,86],"evaluation":[51,99],"criteria,":[52],"fall":[53],"under":[54],"complex":[55],"multi-criteria":[56],"group":[57],"decision-making":[58],"(MCGDM)":[59],"issues.":[60],"However,":[61],"the":[62,108,114,121,140,148,153,166,180],"typical":[63],"MCGDM":[64,156,183],"method":[65,184],"often":[66],"faces":[67],"limitations":[68],"simultaneously":[70,193],"processing":[71,91],"both":[72],"quantitative":[73,197],"qualitative":[75,195],"data,":[76,198],"handling":[77,189],"information":[78,94,207],"presented":[79],"linguistic":[81,202],"terms":[82],"sets":[83,204],"provided":[84],"by":[85,117],"at":[87],"varying":[88],"levels,":[89],"cognitive":[92],"content":[93],"effectively,":[95],"resulting":[96],"erroneous":[98],"results.":[100],"To":[101],"address":[102],"these":[103],"limitations,":[104],"this":[105,137],"study":[106,138],"integrates":[107],"Pythagorean":[109],"fuzzy":[110,190],"set":[111],"(FS)":[112],"with":[113,205],"multi-objective":[115],"optimization":[116],"ratio":[118],"analysis":[119],"plus":[120],"full":[122],"multiplicative":[123],"form":[124],"(MULTIMOORA)":[125],"approach":[126],"solve":[128],"source":[131,143],"selection":[132,144],"problems.":[133],"In":[134],"practical":[135],"application,":[136],"applied":[139],"desirable":[141],"case":[145],"validate":[147],"accuracy":[149],"rationality":[151],"of":[152],"proposed":[154,181],"novel":[155,182],"approach.":[157],"computational":[159],"experiments":[160],"were":[161],"analyzed":[162],"compared":[164],"using":[165],"simple":[167],"additive":[168],"weighting,":[169],"intuitionistic":[170],"FS,":[171],"MULTIMOORA":[173],"approaches.":[174],"experimental":[176],"results":[177],"reveal":[178],"that":[179],"excels":[185],"versatility":[187],"information,":[191],"can":[192,200],"treat":[194],"handle":[201],"term":[203],"varied":[206],"levels.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}
