{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7141079006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","title":"Optimizing Deep Learning Models with Genetic Algorithms for Improved Classification and Identification of Wheat Leaf Diseases","display_name":"Optimizing Deep Learning Models with Genetic Algorithms for Improved Classification and Identification of Wheat Leaf Diseases","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7141079006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090389727","display_name":"Swami Nisha Bhagirath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1804-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swami Nisha Bhagirath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001336409","display_name":"Niyaz Ahmad Wani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7656-3374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niyaz Ahmad Wani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057299766","display_name":"Linesh Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3663-1184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linesh Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086123182","display_name":"Vaibhav Bhatnagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-1069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vaibhav Bhatnagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086123182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":7.1047,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95722194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.9362999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7717999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5284000039100647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.9362999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7717999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7224000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e981418200ee4726b3d346480a4adfea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e981418200ee4726b3d346480a4adfea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01186-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.653228223323822,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005607320","https://openalex.org/W3081572943","https://openalex.org/W3205312784","https://openalex.org/W4210913503","https://openalex.org/W4211112972","https://openalex.org/W4224085183","https://openalex.org/W4282843110","https://openalex.org/W4283270435","https://openalex.org/W4285741588","https://openalex.org/W4293770138","https://openalex.org/W4297235607","https://openalex.org/W4307973157","https://openalex.org/W4309102036","https://openalex.org/W4312133469","https://openalex.org/W4319066581","https://openalex.org/W4327729926","https://openalex.org/W4362015334","https://openalex.org/W4376140945","https://openalex.org/W4379793049","https://openalex.org/W4384701390","https://openalex.org/W4385201926","https://openalex.org/W4388893804","https://openalex.org/W4389981985","https://openalex.org/W4390551018","https://openalex.org/W4391936439","https://openalex.org/W4393035251","https://openalex.org/W4403123423","https://openalex.org/W4403723072","https://openalex.org/W4405755862","https://openalex.org/W4409827030","https://openalex.org/W4410341021","https://openalex.org/W6925372396"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wheat":[0],"is":[1,27,39,53,88,117],"recognized":[2],"as":[3,24,105],"one":[4],"of":[5,20,36,59,129,138,159],"the":[6,57,139,145,153,166,171,178,207],"most":[7],"essential":[8],"crops":[9],"and":[10,111,132,202,222],"a":[11,50,60,91,126,156,199,211],"major":[12],"food":[13],"source":[14],"worldwide.":[15],"Ensuring":[16],"an":[17,65],"adequate":[18],"balance":[19],"nutrient":[21,42,189],"elements,":[22],"such":[23],"Nitrogen":[25],"(N),":[26],"crucial":[28],"for":[29,64,148],"healthy":[30],"crop":[31],"growth.":[32],"The":[33,84,114,135,161],"primary":[34,115],"aim":[35],"this":[37],"study":[38],"to":[40,55,118,220],"classify":[41],"deficiencies":[43],"in":[44,76,81,192],"leaf":[45,93,102],"images.":[46],"To":[47],"achieve":[48],"this,":[49],"genetic":[51,146,172],"algorithm":[52,147],"applied":[54],"optimize":[56],"hyperparameters":[58,168],"convolutional":[61,86],"neural":[62,70],"network":[63,87],"image":[66],"classification":[67,191],"task.":[68],"Convolutional":[69],"networks":[71],"have":[72],"become":[73],"increasingly":[74],"prevalent":[75],"practical":[77],"computer":[78],"vision":[79],"applications":[80],"recent":[82],"years.":[83],"proposed":[85,208],"trained":[89,164],"with":[90,214],"wheat":[92,193],"images":[94,97],"dataset.":[95],"These":[96],"are":[98],"categorized":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,177,198],"color":[103],"charts":[104],"1,":[106],"2,":[107],"3,":[108],"4,":[109],"5,":[110],"6":[112],"level.":[113],"goal":[116],"enhance":[119,187],"model":[120,130,140,154],"accuracy":[121,137,158,219],"by":[122,170],"wisely":[123],"searching":[124],"through":[125],"predefined":[127],"space":[128],"architecture":[131],"training":[133],"parameters.":[134],"initial":[136],"was":[141],"93.37%":[142],"before":[143],"applying":[144],"hyperparameter":[149,183],"optimization.":[150],"After":[151],"optimization,":[152],"achieved":[155,203,210],"final":[157,162],"96.19%.":[160],"model,":[163],"using":[165],"best":[167],"identified":[169],"algorithm,":[173],"demonstrated":[174],"improved":[175],"performance":[176],"validation":[179],"set,":[180],"indicating":[181],"that":[182],"optimization":[184],"can":[185],"significantly":[186],"CNN-based":[188],"deficiency":[190],"leaves.":[194],"Earlier":[195],"studies":[196],"relied":[197],"4-strip":[200],"LCC":[201,216],"94.22%":[204],"accuracy,":[205],"while":[206],"method":[209],"GA-optimized":[212],"CNN":[213],"6-strip":[215],"framework,":[217],"improving":[218],"96.19%":[221],"enabling":[223],"finer":[224],"nitrogen-level":[225],"differentiation.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-28T00:00:00"}
