{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130714374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","title":"Transformer-based Bilateral Encoder for Teeth Recognition and Bone Loss in Digital Radiographs","display_name":"Transformer-based Bilateral Encoder for Teeth Recognition and Bone Loss in Digital Radiographs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130714374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072097227","display_name":"Jameer Kotwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3779-6573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089305","display_name":"Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0088h4061","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103194","display_name":"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune","ror":"https://ror.org/00s2qq515","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"D.Y. Patil University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jameer Gulab Kotwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pune, 411018, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pune, 411018, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089305","https://openalex.org/I4210153931","https://openalex.org/I4210103194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015556590","display_name":"Vajid Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099971","display_name":"Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)","ror":"https://ror.org/00wethk75","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340206300","https://openalex.org/I4210099971","https://openalex.org/I4210150591"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vajid Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, G.S. Moze College of Engineering, Balewadi, Pune, 411045, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, G.S. Moze College of Engineering, Balewadi, Pune, 411045, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126493547","display_name":"Farhina Sayyad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089305","display_name":"Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0088h4061","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103194","display_name":"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune","ror":"https://ror.org/00s2qq515","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"D.Y. Patil University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhina Sayyad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune, 411044, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune, 411044, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089305","https://openalex.org/I4210103194","https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078569276","display_name":"Princy Diwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-531X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I244572783","display_name":"Symbiosis International University","ror":"https://ror.org/005r2ww51","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Princy Diwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Nagpur Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Nagpur Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064130897","display_name":"Ramgopal Kashyap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-1286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26285277","display_name":"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/05bvxq496","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26285277"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramgopal Kashyap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, 495009, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, 495009, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26285277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126499399","display_name":"Anil Pise","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095918","display_name":"Ta Solutions (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y9w2r94","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095918"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Pise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Data Scientist, X-idian Technical Partner, Cumulus Solutions, Johannesburg, 2057, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Data Scientist, X-idian Technical Partner, Cumulus Solutions, Johannesburg, 2057, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095918"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072097227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089305","https://openalex.org/I4210103194","https://openalex.org/I4210153931"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31511907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-alveolus","display_name":"Dental alveolus","score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alveolar-crest","display_name":"Alveolar crest","score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.3061999976634979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6556000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151279780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143588","display_name":"Dental alveolus","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992988709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448692","display_name":"Alveolar crest","level":3,"score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3774464","display_name":"Iliac crest","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778401919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7824270","display_name":"Tooth loss","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225030","display_name":"Digital radiography","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992452445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520127","display_name":"Periodontal disease","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:537720703b004460a9f355ac183da273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/537720703b004460a9f355ac183da273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01179-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507404231","https://openalex.org/W1976128310","https://openalex.org/W2025335147","https://openalex.org/W2143900452","https://openalex.org/W2536961807","https://openalex.org/W2606491090","https://openalex.org/W2694415809","https://openalex.org/W2809048536","https://openalex.org/W2809600325","https://openalex.org/W2809948294","https://openalex.org/W2991580181","https://openalex.org/W3006781818","https://openalex.org/W3040455124","https://openalex.org/W3080289304","https://openalex.org/W3108776516","https://openalex.org/W3115742440","https://openalex.org/W3122218770","https://openalex.org/W3132969566","https://openalex.org/W3174105206","https://openalex.org/W4205416091","https://openalex.org/W4285186299","https://openalex.org/W4295755385","https://openalex.org/W4309544872","https://openalex.org/W4310127911","https://openalex.org/W4363649209","https://openalex.org/W4379878053","https://openalex.org/W4386090373","https://openalex.org/W4390954527","https://openalex.org/W4391037497","https://openalex.org/W4392400794","https://openalex.org/W4395061699","https://openalex.org/W4396656143","https://openalex.org/W4396685566","https://openalex.org/W4396710682","https://openalex.org/W4400003599","https://openalex.org/W4402543918","https://openalex.org/W4402839162","https://openalex.org/W4403094382","https://openalex.org/W4404307300","https://openalex.org/W4404646058","https://openalex.org/W4404734561","https://openalex.org/W4405734890","https://openalex.org/W4410285265","https://openalex.org/W4410426909","https://openalex.org/W4411181660","https://openalex.org/W4411195758","https://openalex.org/W4413068713"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"of":[1,34,170,176,208],"Periodontal":[2],"Bone":[3],"Loss":[4],"(PBL)":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7,155],"panoramic":[8],"radiographs":[9,55],"is":[10,19,56,201],"very":[11],"important":[12],"in":[13,53,58],"a":[14,21,44,161,202],"clinical":[15,195],"setting;":[16],"however,":[17],"it":[18],"still":[20],"difficult":[22],"task":[23],"due":[24],"to":[25,95,135,142],"anatomical":[26],"overlaps,":[27],"inconsistent":[28],"image":[29],"quality,":[30],"and":[31,50,109,129,139,160,174,191],"the":[32,69,77,91,99,105,137,143,156,166,185,206],"subjectivity":[33],"manual":[35],"interpretation.":[36],"A":[37,84],"Transformer-Based":[38],"Bilateral":[39],"Encoder\u2013Decoder":[40],"(Tr-BLatED)":[41],"architecture":[42],"with":[43],"specification":[45],"for":[46,193],"automatic":[47],"tooth":[48,100],"recognition":[49],"PBL":[51],"measurement":[52],"digital":[54],"introduced":[57],"this":[59],"article.":[60],"The":[61,151,168,197],"outlined":[62],"setup":[63],"features":[64],"dual-path":[65],"feature":[66],"encoding,":[67],"where":[68],"transformer":[70],"path":[71,79],"obtains":[72],"global":[73],"contextual":[74],"relationships":[75],"while":[76],"CNN-based":[78],"gets":[80],"fine-grained":[81],"local":[82],"structures.":[83],"specially":[85],"designed":[86],"bilateral":[87],"decoder":[88],"thus":[89],"merges":[90],"two":[92],"complementary":[93],"representations":[94],"not":[96],"only":[97],"delineate":[98],"boundaries":[101],"but":[102],"also":[103],"localize":[104],"cemento-enamel":[106],"junction":[107],"(CEJ)":[108],"alveolar":[110],"crest":[111],"(AC)":[112],"as":[113,115,123],"well":[114],"calculate":[116],"tooth-level":[117],"bone":[118],"loss.":[119],"Different":[120],"measures,":[121],"such":[122],"Mixup":[124],"augmentation,":[125],"weight":[126],"decay":[127],"regularization,":[128],"stratified":[130],"k-fold":[131],"cross-validation,":[132],"are":[133,140],"taken":[134],"stabilize":[136],"method":[138,152],"applied":[141],"combined":[144],"dataset":[145],"made":[146],"from":[147,165],"three":[148,157],"different":[149],"sources.":[150],"proposed":[153,198],"test":[154,163],"benchmark":[158],"datasets":[159],"multi-center":[162],"set":[164],"outside.":[167],"accuracies":[169],"99.04%,":[171],"98.99%,":[172],"99.10%,":[173],"94.2%":[175],"external":[177],"validation":[178],"were":[179],"attained,":[180],"respectively.":[181],"These":[182],"outcomes":[183],"indicate":[184],"model\u2019s":[186],"soundness,":[187],"great":[188],"diagnostic":[189],"accuracy,":[190],"potentiality":[192],"real-world":[194],"application.":[196],"Tr-BLatED":[199],"framework":[200],"significant":[203],"step":[204],"toward":[205],"realization":[207],"dependable,":[209],"automated":[210],"periodontal":[211],"assessment.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}