{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129083586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","title":"An Evolutionary Hyperparameter-Optimized Off-Policy Feature Selection for Real Estate Tax Prediction","display_name":"An Evolutionary Hyperparameter-Optimized Off-Policy Feature Selection for Real Estate Tax Prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129083586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115999430","display_name":"Pourya Zareeihemat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801954088","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah","ror":"https://ror.org/05sehyt57","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I2801954088"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pourya Zareeihemat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801954088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126087084","display_name":"Alireza Farokhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Farokhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Greenwich, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Greenwich, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061401519","display_name":"Jamal Valipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5159-3693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136830121","display_name":"Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/02xc21a77","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I136830121"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Valipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Financial Management, Azad University, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Financial Management, Azad University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136830121"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126110216","display_name":"Seyed Vahid Moravvej","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Vahid Moravvej","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019996443","display_name":"Seyed Jalaleddin Mousavirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8661-7578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Jalaleddin Mousavirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019996443"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50184665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5156999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5156999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.07119999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.05249999836087227,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.7512000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-estate","display_name":"Real estate","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4189999997615814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7512000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6898000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82279013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684740","display_name":"Real estate","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:miun-56777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-56777","pdf_url":"https://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:2043482/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:359c8287459e4ca69a15c813f1dd3386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/359c8287459e4ca69a15c813f1dd3386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01172-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323270","display_name":"Mittuniversitetet","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2607700698","https://openalex.org/W2913946809","https://openalex.org/W2956109696","https://openalex.org/W3134283265","https://openalex.org/W3151089426","https://openalex.org/W3179950556","https://openalex.org/W4289782123","https://openalex.org/W4292635991","https://openalex.org/W4294811651","https://openalex.org/W4295641547","https://openalex.org/W4296078893","https://openalex.org/W4308153697","https://openalex.org/W4309590866","https://openalex.org/W4317907984","https://openalex.org/W4323020933","https://openalex.org/W4363676627","https://openalex.org/W4377009415","https://openalex.org/W4377107315","https://openalex.org/W4378220543","https://openalex.org/W4378976724","https://openalex.org/W4381661674","https://openalex.org/W4384662565","https://openalex.org/W4386435382","https://openalex.org/W4387120856","https://openalex.org/W4387455323","https://openalex.org/W4387652178","https://openalex.org/W4388119537","https://openalex.org/W4389988994","https://openalex.org/W4390508451","https://openalex.org/W4390628421","https://openalex.org/W4391014866","https://openalex.org/W4391717655","https://openalex.org/W4396941426","https://openalex.org/W4404954846","https://openalex.org/W4406234922","https://openalex.org/W4408400202","https://openalex.org/W4409677740","https://openalex.org/W4413055849"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Precise":[1],"predictions":[2],"of":[3,183],"real":[4,134],"estate":[5,135],"taxes":[6],"(RETs)":[7],"are":[8,37],"critical":[9],"for":[10,29,53,82],"property":[11],"owners":[12],"and":[13,21,36,74,105,148,192],"government":[14],"agencies":[15],"because":[16],"they":[17],"influence":[18],"economic":[19],"planning":[20],"public":[22],"revenue":[23],"generation.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"deep":[26],"learning":[27,60],"methods":[28],"RET":[30,54],"often":[31],"struggle":[32],"with":[33,75,115,162],"feature":[34,72,93],"selection":[35,94],"highly":[38],"sensitive":[39],"to":[40,124,171],"hyperparameter":[41,84],"settings.":[42],"To":[43],"overcome":[44],"these":[45],"issues,":[46],"we":[47],"present":[48],"a":[49,57,116],"sophisticated":[50],"predictive":[51],"model":[52,131,156,185],"that":[55,120,154],"incorporates":[56],"refined":[58],"reinforcement":[59],"(RL)":[61],"technique,":[62],"termed":[63],"off-policy":[64,87],"proximal":[65],"policy":[66],"optimization":[67],"(PPO),":[68],"which":[69],"excels":[70],"in":[71],"selection,":[73],"an":[76],"advanced":[77],"differential":[78],"evolution":[79],"(DE)":[80],"algorithm":[81,111],"optimal":[83],"tuning.":[85],"The":[86],"PPO":[88],"component":[89],"continually":[90],"updates":[91],"its":[92,100],"based":[95],"on":[96,102,132],"data":[97],"interactions,":[98],"sharpening":[99],"focus":[101],"crucial":[103],"features":[104],"preventing":[106],"overfitting.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"the":[109,180,184],"DE":[110],"has":[112],"been":[113],"enhanced":[114],"novel":[117],"mutation":[118],"strategy":[119],"uses":[121],"k-means":[122],"clustering":[123],"identify":[125],"key":[126],"clusters.":[127],"We":[128],"tested":[129],"our":[130,155],"diverse":[133],"datasets":[136],"from":[137,169],"Kaggle,":[138],"covering":[139],"locations":[140],"such":[141],"as":[142],"Bucharest,":[143],"California,":[144],"Helsinki,":[145],"King":[146],"County,":[147],"Saudi":[149],"Arabia.":[150],"Our":[151],"findings":[152],"show":[153],"significantly":[157],"outperforms":[158],"traditional":[159],"pricing":[160],"tools,":[161],"mean":[163],"absolute":[164],"percentage":[165],"error":[166],"(MAPE)":[167],"ranging":[168],"0.202":[170],"1.362":[172],"across":[173,186],"various":[174],"datasets.":[175],"This":[176],"superior":[177],"performance":[178],"underscores":[179],"broad":[181],"applicability":[182],"markets,":[187],"markedly":[188],"improving":[189],"financial":[190],"analysis":[191],"strategic":[193],"planning.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}