{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124601582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","title":"Hybrid Model for Freezing of Gait Detection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Integrating Manual Features and Deep Learning","display_name":"Hybrid Model for Freezing of Gait Detection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Integrating Manual Features and Deep Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124601582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064177198","display_name":"Navita Mehra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799795791","display_name":"Government of Haryana","ror":"https://ror.org/01b891j88","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799795791"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navita Mehra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government Post Graduate College for Women, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government Post Graduate College for Women, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799795791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018017454","display_name":"Pooja Mittal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-6621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I905734797","display_name":"Maharshi Dayanand University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kaab451","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I905734797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooja Mittal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Applications, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Applications, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I905734797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101526817","display_name":"Yogesh Kumar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-4535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh Kumar Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Field, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Field, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039191048","display_name":"Umesh Kumar Lilhore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-3773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Umesh Kumar Lilhore","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040941339","display_name":"Heba G. Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-1049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heba G. Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123274430","display_name":"Ehab Seif Ghith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab Seif Ghith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121089746","display_name":"Lidia Gosy Tekeste","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86539363","display_name":"University of Asmara","ror":"https://ror.org/035rzdj42","country_code":"ER","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86539363"]}],"countries":["ER"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidia Gosy Tekeste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar at Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai-Nefhi College, Himbrti, Mai Nefhi, Eritrea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar at Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai-Nefhi College, Himbrti, Mai Nefhi, Eritrea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86539363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039191048"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13794003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.8259000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.8259000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.0731000006198883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4632999897003174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e7340e2ebe64e659d8f25eb5174e25f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e7340e2ebe64e659d8f25eb5174e25f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01148-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134203394","https://openalex.org/W1994438169","https://openalex.org/W1998182557","https://openalex.org/W2064327970","https://openalex.org/W2159552567","https://openalex.org/W2171181994","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2584311212","https://openalex.org/W2744736981","https://openalex.org/W2922088053","https://openalex.org/W2944681580","https://openalex.org/W2947998142","https://openalex.org/W2966046576","https://openalex.org/W2972942705","https://openalex.org/W2990845518","https://openalex.org/W3003958915","https://openalex.org/W3011809669","https://openalex.org/W3017458674","https://openalex.org/W3024761859","https://openalex.org/W3087661417","https://openalex.org/W3110889465","https://openalex.org/W3129434998","https://openalex.org/W3158621908","https://openalex.org/W3159651487","https://openalex.org/W3185154141","https://openalex.org/W3204676295","https://openalex.org/W4210525777","https://openalex.org/W4221122836","https://openalex.org/W4226150890","https://openalex.org/W4309874644","https://openalex.org/W4317664007","https://openalex.org/W4366992038","https://openalex.org/W4377007337","https://openalex.org/W4378880426","https://openalex.org/W4387661154","https://openalex.org/W4387698100","https://openalex.org/W4387802454","https://openalex.org/W4388962371","https://openalex.org/W4389496408","https://openalex.org/W4400727536","https://openalex.org/W4401072319","https://openalex.org/W4401597635","https://openalex.org/W4402920590","https://openalex.org/W4405931289","https://openalex.org/W4408564873","https://openalex.org/W6888864164","https://openalex.org/W6891711216"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Freezing":[0],"of":[1,10,68,125,163,166,169,175],"gait":[2,34,53,100,118],"(FoG)":[3],"is":[4,18],"a":[5,47,61,92,147,152,172,190],"common":[6],"and":[7,14,23,76,82,105,136,151,171,188,197],"debilitating":[8],"symptom":[9],"Parkinson\u2019s":[11],"disease":[12],"(PD),":[13],"its":[15],"early":[16],"detection":[17,67],"crucial":[19],"for":[20,193],"timely":[21],"intervention":[22],"improved":[24],"patient":[25],"outcomes.":[26],"Traditional":[27],"approaches":[28],"often":[29],"rely":[30],"on":[31],"manually":[32],"extracted":[33],"features,":[35],"which":[36,116],"may":[37],"overlook":[38],"subtle":[39],"yet":[40],"clinically":[41],"significant":[42],"patterns.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"presents":[46],"hybrid":[48,158],"model":[49,63,108,159],"that":[50,140,180],"integrates":[51],"manual":[52,75],"feature":[54],"extraction":[55],"with":[56,132,146],"deep":[57,77],"learning-based":[58],"analysis":[59,131],"using":[60,111],"3D-ResNext":[62],"to":[64,98],"enhance":[65],"the":[66,71,84,141,181],"FoG.":[69,106],"In":[70],"first":[72],"stage,":[73,86],"both":[74],"learning":[78],"features":[79,88],"are":[80,89],"extracted,":[81],"in":[83],"second":[85],"these":[87],"fed":[90],"into":[91,102],"long":[93],"short-term":[94],"memory":[95],"(LSTM)":[96],"network":[97],"classify":[99],"patterns":[101],"walk,":[103],"Pre-FoG,":[104],"The":[107,156],"was":[109,144],"evaluated":[110],"publicly":[112],"available":[113],"Daphnet":[114],"dataset,":[115],"comprises":[117],"data":[119],"from":[120],"ten":[121],"PD":[122,198],"patients,":[123],"eight":[124],"whom":[126],"exhibited":[127],"FoG":[128,195],"events.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"varying":[133],"segment":[134,149],"lengths":[135],"Pre-FoG":[137,154],"periods":[138],"revealed":[139],"optimal":[142],"performance":[143],"achieved":[145,160],"1-s":[148],"length":[150],"5-s":[153],"window.":[155],"proposed":[157,182],"an":[161],"accuracy":[162],"98.87%,":[164],"specificity":[165],"96.67%,":[167],"F1-score":[168],"92.29%,":[170],"loss":[173],"value":[174],"0.0597.":[176],"These":[177],"results":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"approach":[183],"outperforms":[184],"existing":[185],"state-of-the-art":[186],"models":[187],"offers":[189],"robust":[191],"solution":[192],"accurate":[194],"classification":[196],"prediction.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2026-01-19T00:00:00"}