{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127090094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","title":"A Novel Reinforcement Learning-Based Feature Selection with Scope Loss and Evolutionary Optimization for Accurate Real Estate Tax Forecasting","display_name":"A Novel Reinforcement Learning-Based Feature Selection with Scope Loss and Evolutionary Optimization for Accurate Real Estate Tax Forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127090094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113331856","display_name":"M.J. Ramezankhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-4244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahyar Ramezankhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic Sciences, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish, 7941863399, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic Sciences, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish, 7941863399, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106435537","display_name":"Albert Boghosian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3686-6842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Boghosian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic Sciences, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish, 7941863399, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic Sciences, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish, 7941863399, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019996443","display_name":"Seyed Jalaleddin Mousavirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8661-7578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Jalaleddin Mousavirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113331856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20409141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5350000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5350000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.06960000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.041200000792741776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-estate","display_name":"Real estate","score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.49059998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.3675999939441681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6215999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82279013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684740","display_name":"Real estate","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.49059998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:miun-56775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-56775","pdf_url":"https://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:2043483/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff57ca59c1694849bee65eef20aff546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff57ca59c1694849bee65eef20aff546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01134-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323270","display_name":"Mittuniversitetet","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913946809","https://openalex.org/W2956109696","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3134283265","https://openalex.org/W3135380146","https://openalex.org/W3179950556","https://openalex.org/W3204060561","https://openalex.org/W4205722673","https://openalex.org/W4211116959","https://openalex.org/W4285186299","https://openalex.org/W4289782123","https://openalex.org/W4292635991","https://openalex.org/W4295641547","https://openalex.org/W4296078893","https://openalex.org/W4307722364","https://openalex.org/W4307911839","https://openalex.org/W4308153697","https://openalex.org/W4309891817","https://openalex.org/W4312193761","https://openalex.org/W4317907984","https://openalex.org/W4323020933","https://openalex.org/W4363676627","https://openalex.org/W4366217673","https://openalex.org/W4377009415","https://openalex.org/W4377107315","https://openalex.org/W4378220543","https://openalex.org/W4378976724","https://openalex.org/W4381661674","https://openalex.org/W4382119284","https://openalex.org/W4384157309","https://openalex.org/W4384662565","https://openalex.org/W4386435382","https://openalex.org/W4387652178","https://openalex.org/W4387733089","https://openalex.org/W4388119537","https://openalex.org/W4389988994","https://openalex.org/W4390508451","https://openalex.org/W4390628421","https://openalex.org/W4391014866","https://openalex.org/W4391717655","https://openalex.org/W4392387409","https://openalex.org/W4396941426","https://openalex.org/W4400232732","https://openalex.org/W4403541657","https://openalex.org/W4403842423","https://openalex.org/W4404954846","https://openalex.org/W4405972143","https://openalex.org/W4407614889","https://openalex.org/W4408400202","https://openalex.org/W4408792468","https://openalex.org/W4409677740","https://openalex.org/W4409924730","https://openalex.org/W4411829506","https://openalex.org/W4413055849","https://openalex.org/W4414153810","https://openalex.org/W4414325695"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Accurate":[1],"forecasting":[2],"of":[3,73,118,132,193],"real":[4,28,53,145],"estate":[5,29,54,146],"taxes":[6],"is":[7,209],"essential":[8],"for":[9,27,196],"property":[10],"owners":[11],"and":[12,19,37,88,116,130,158,206],"government":[13],"agencies.":[14],"It":[15,80,201],"affects":[16],"financial":[17],"strategies":[18],"public":[20],"revenue":[21],"generation.":[22],"Conventional":[23],"deep":[24],"learning":[25,60,67,93,102],"approaches":[26],"tax":[30,55],"often":[31],"struggle":[32],"to":[33,41,61,185],"select":[34],"appropriate":[35],"features":[36,75,87],"are":[38],"highly":[39],"sensitive":[40],"changes":[42],"in":[43],"hyperparameters.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"these":[47],"challenges,":[48],"this":[49],"paper":[50],"proposes":[51],"a":[52,96],"model":[56,94,134,140,167,195],"that":[57,100,164],"uses":[58],"reinforcement":[59,66,92],"guide":[62],"feature":[63],"selection.":[64],"The":[65,91,139,161],"component":[68],"constantly":[69],"updates":[70],"the":[71,84,114,119,122,128,133,165,191,194],"selection":[72],"important":[74],"based":[76],"on":[77,83],"data":[78,105],"interactions.":[79],"helps":[81,112],"focus":[82],"most":[85],"relevant":[86],"prevents":[89],"overfitting.":[90],"incorporates":[95],"scope":[97],"loss":[98],"function":[99],"balances":[101],"from":[103,148,183],"current":[104],"with":[106],"exploring":[107],"new":[108],"patterns.":[109],"This":[110,187],"balance":[111],"preserve":[113],"accuracy":[115],"generalizability":[117],"model.":[120],"Additionally,":[121],"artificial":[123],"bee":[124],"colony":[125],"algorithm":[126],"enhances":[127],"flexibility":[129],"efficiency":[131],"by":[135],"optimizing":[136],"hyperparameter":[137],"settings.":[138],"was":[141],"evaluated":[142],"using":[143],"several":[144],"datasets":[147,151],"Kaggle.":[149],"These":[150],"cover":[152],"Bucharest,":[153],"California,":[154],"Helsinki,":[155],"King":[156],"County,":[157],"Saudi":[159],"Arabia.":[160],"results":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"proposed":[166],"outperforms":[168],"traditional":[169],"prediction":[170],"tools.":[171],"Across":[172],"all":[173],"datasets,":[174],"it":[175],"achieves":[176],"mean":[177],"absolute":[178],"percentage":[179],"error":[180],"values":[181],"ranging":[182],"0.216":[184],"1.081.":[186],"strong":[188],"performance":[189],"demonstrates":[190],"potential":[192],"use":[197],"across":[198],"various":[199],"markets.":[200],"can":[202],"improve":[203],"economic":[204],"assessments":[205],"planning.":[207],"Code":[208],"publicly":[210],"available":[211],"at":[212],"https://github.com/Mahyar-ramezankhani/Tax":[213],".":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
