{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124556067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","title":"ArSL-TGRU: A Hybrid Model for Signer-Independent Arabic Sign Language Recognition from Videos Based on Transformer and GRU","display_name":"ArSL-TGRU: A Hybrid Model for Signer-Independent Arabic Sign Language Recognition from Videos Based on Transformer and GRU","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124556067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060676785","display_name":"Mohammed M. Nasef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-4205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed M. Nasef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062908190","display_name":"Aya El-sayed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aya El-Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123253684","display_name":"Eman M. AbouNassar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman M. AbouNassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060676785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06308411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7573000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.7491999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.3418999910354614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8381999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7573000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.7491999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5852000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5121999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b629f38c3e94dedb58a7d406ca7d955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b629f38c3e94dedb58a7d406ca7d955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01120-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8577252626419067}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989343489","https://openalex.org/W1998440218","https://openalex.org/W2161900428","https://openalex.org/W2483298958","https://openalex.org/W2997931247","https://openalex.org/W3020922019","https://openalex.org/W3022200071","https://openalex.org/W3093820501","https://openalex.org/W3099360433","https://openalex.org/W3135585008","https://openalex.org/W3148209143","https://openalex.org/W3199967408","https://openalex.org/W3208014149","https://openalex.org/W4205170218","https://openalex.org/W4285316323","https://openalex.org/W4285685564","https://openalex.org/W4287643567","https://openalex.org/W4292438777","https://openalex.org/W4297697565","https://openalex.org/W4303685277","https://openalex.org/W4313313303","https://openalex.org/W4313435185","https://openalex.org/W4321454735","https://openalex.org/W4322503366","https://openalex.org/W4382798122","https://openalex.org/W4387904013","https://openalex.org/W4399387814","https://openalex.org/W4399807152","https://openalex.org/W4402009497","https://openalex.org/W4403674649","https://openalex.org/W4404599563","https://openalex.org/W4408290704","https://openalex.org/W4410082620"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Arabic":[1,70],"Sign":[2],"Language":[3],"(ArSL)":[4],"is":[5,19],"an":[6,65],"important":[7],"medium":[8],"of":[9,17,143],"communication":[10],"for":[11,136],"hearing":[12],"and":[13,35,79,90,110,117,150,179,186],"deaf":[14],"communities.":[15],"Recognition":[16],"ArSL":[18,29,48],"difficult,":[20],"especially":[21],"in":[22,166],"signer-independent":[23],"systems.":[24],"Mostly":[25],"studies":[26],"deal":[27],"with":[28,54,169],"recognition":[30,49],"from":[31,73,128],"images":[32],"or":[33],"videos":[34,53,74,135],"dependent":[36],"on":[37,52,123],"the":[38,42,157,159],"signers.":[39,155,171],"To":[40,101],"simulate":[41],"real":[43],"world,":[44],"we":[45],"must":[46],"introduce":[47],"models":[50,111],"based":[51],"independent":[55,154],"signers":[56],"to":[57,68,176,183],"recognize":[58,69],"signature":[59],"style":[60],"diversity.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"introduced":[64],"ArSL-TGRU":[66],"model":[67,121,161],"sign":[71],"language":[72],"using":[75],"a":[76,124],"hybrid":[77],"transformer":[78,86],"Gated":[80],"Recurrent":[81],"Unit":[82],"(GRU).":[83],"Four":[84],"sequential":[85,99],"layers":[87],"improve":[88],"temporal":[89,180],"spatial":[91,178],"abstraction,":[92],"while":[93],"two":[94],"simultaneous":[95],"GRU":[96],"modules":[97],"capture":[98,102],"dynamics.":[100],"complex":[103],"dynamic":[104],"movements,":[105],"this":[106],"network":[107],"reduces":[108],"overfitting":[109],"long-range":[112],"relationships":[113],"via":[114],"attention":[115],"techniques":[116],"regularization.":[118],"The":[119,130,172],"proposed":[120,160,173],"applied":[122],"custom":[125,131],"dataset":[126,132],"extracted":[127],"KArSL\u2019s.":[129],"contains":[133],"60,918":[134],"136":[137],"signs,":[138],"divided":[139],"into":[140],"6":[141],"categories":[142,168],"signs":[144],"(letters,":[145],"numbers,":[146],"words-family,":[147],"words-feeling,":[148],"words-job,":[149],"sentences)":[151],"by":[152],"three":[153],"From":[156],"experiments,":[158],"outperformed":[162],"six":[163],"common":[164],"architectures":[165],"several":[167],"different":[170],"model\u2019s":[174],"ability":[175],"understand":[177],"connections,":[181],"adapt":[182],"signer":[184],"variances,":[185],"achieve":[187],"robust":[188],"generalization":[189],"across":[190],"various":[191],"linguistic":[192],"forms.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-19T00:00:00"}
