{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417520454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","title":"Meta-RL Based Micro-Expression Recognition Framework Using MAML with Calibrated Regression Function","display_name":"Meta-RL Based Micro-Expression Recognition Framework Using MAML with Calibrated Regression Function","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417520454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036184412","display_name":"N Shwetha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129991","display_name":"Mathrusri Ramabai Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xay1410","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Shwetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050089394","display_name":"Aravind Jadhav","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125823","display_name":"KLE University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aam9155","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aravind Jadhav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, Belagavi, Karnataka,  590006, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, Belagavi, Karnataka,  590006, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075524401","display_name":"Chandra Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-8796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandra Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Mangaluru, Karnataka,  574110, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Mangaluru, Karnataka,  574110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055718630","display_name":"Virupaxi Dalal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-4481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106826634","display_name":"Jain University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cnqpt53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125823","display_name":"KLE University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aam9155","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virupaxi B.Dalal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jain College of Engineering and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka,  590008, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jain College of Engineering and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka,  590008, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823","https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071146728","display_name":"N Sangeetha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129991","display_name":"Mathrusri Ramabai Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xay1410","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Sangeetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029857682","display_name":"Bhaskar Awadhiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4784-6172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar Awadhiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074810373","display_name":"Yashwanth Nanjappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4063-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yashwanth Nanjappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068267390","display_name":"Y Rangaswamy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129991","display_name":"Mathrusri Ramabai Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xay1410","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y Rangaswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074810373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41483411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14254","display_name":"Digital Media and Visual Art","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5837000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47620001435279846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7462000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7202000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5837000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101104100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063540","display_name":"Heteroscedasticity","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd39abc9397b496291fcfbd19bf8a3f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd39abc9397b496291fcfbd19bf8a3f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-25 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01108-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417520454.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417520454.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3098002894","https://openalex.org/W3128946893","https://openalex.org/W3134829740","https://openalex.org/W3139546544","https://openalex.org/W3153807302","https://openalex.org/W3182710365","https://openalex.org/W3189210185","https://openalex.org/W4205148344","https://openalex.org/W4310553896","https://openalex.org/W4313226878","https://openalex.org/W4319299995","https://openalex.org/W4323647464","https://openalex.org/W4361276417","https://openalex.org/W4366309824","https://openalex.org/W4386047789","https://openalex.org/W4386075510","https://openalex.org/W4391969870","https://openalex.org/W4391998254","https://openalex.org/W4392294350","https://openalex.org/W4392910806","https://openalex.org/W4394755367","https://openalex.org/W4396712599","https://openalex.org/W4402917208","https://openalex.org/W4403987820","https://openalex.org/W4404885474","https://openalex.org/W4406457574","https://openalex.org/W4408495085","https://openalex.org/W4410170752"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Micro-Expression":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(MER)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,29,82],"crucial":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,79],"understanding":[9],"human":[10],"emotions,":[11],"yet":[12],"its":[13],"effectiveness":[14],"is":[15,60,87,97],"often":[16],"hindered":[17],"by":[18],"the":[19,63,117,125,129,149,152,172],"transient":[20],"and":[21,44,52,107,114,135,145,160,176],"subtle":[22],"nature":[23],"of":[24,72,128,151],"micro-expressions.":[25],"This":[26],"article":[27],"presents":[28],"novel":[30],"MER":[31],"framework":[32,119],"integrating":[33],"Calibrated":[34],"Regression":[35],"with":[36],"Maximum":[37],"Mean":[38],"Discrepancy":[39],"(MMD),":[40],"Model-Agnostic":[41],"Meta-Learning":[42],"(MAML),":[43],"Meta-Reinforcement":[45],"Learning":[46],"(Meta-RL)":[47],"to":[48],"enhance":[49],"recognition":[50],"accuracy":[51,157,162],"adaptability.":[53],"The":[54,169],"2D":[55],"Convolutional":[56],"Neural":[57,84],"Network":[58,85],"(2DCNN)":[59],"employed":[61],"as":[62],"backbone":[64],"for":[65,89,181],"feature":[66,80,121],"extraction,":[67],"capturing":[68],"fine-grained":[69],"spatial":[70],"details":[71],"Facial":[73],"Expressions":[74],"(FEs).":[75],"To":[76],"address":[77],"challenges":[78],"alignment,":[81],"Heteroscedastic":[83],"(HNN)":[86],"introduced":[88,153],"predictive":[90],"uncertainty":[91],"estimation.":[92],"A":[93],"two-stage":[94],"learning":[95,122],"process":[96],"applied,":[98],"where":[99],"Negative":[100],"Log-Likelihood":[101],"(NLL)":[102],"optimization":[103],"refines":[104],"model":[105],"parameters,":[106],"MMD":[108],"ensures":[109],"better":[110],"alignment":[111],"between":[112],"micro-":[113],"macro-expressions.":[115],"Additionally,":[116],"Meta-RL":[118],"optimizes":[120],"through":[123],"characterizing":[124],"optimal":[126],"gap":[127],"stationary":[130],"points":[131],"achieved":[132],"using":[133],"MAML":[134],"improving":[136],"generalization.":[137],"Extensive":[138],"experiments":[139],"on":[140,158,163],"benchmark":[141],"datasets":[142],"like":[143],"SAMM":[144,159],"CASME":[146,164],"II":[147],"shows":[148],"advantage":[150],"approach,":[154],"achieving":[155],"96.74%":[156],"98.84%":[161],"II,":[165],"surpassing":[166],"state-of-the-art":[167],"models.":[168],"results":[170],"highlight":[171],"model\u2019s":[173],"robustness,":[174],"adaptability,":[175],"effectiveness,":[177],"making":[178],"it":[179],"well-suited":[180],"real-world":[182],"micro-expression":[183],"analysis":[184],"applications.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-20T00:00:00"}