{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417426060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","title":"Automated Lumbar Spine Degenerative Classification Using Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Evaluation Based on RSNA 2024","display_name":"Automated Lumbar Spine Degenerative Classification Using Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Evaluation Based on RSNA 2024","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417426060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091529382","display_name":"Yonghong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610225, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000178575","display_name":"Javed Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-9720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130814776","display_name":"University of Okara","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmg6q11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javed Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT Services, University of Okara, Okara, 56310, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT Services, University of Okara, Okara, 56310, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071351787","display_name":"Salah Boulaaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salah Mahmoud Boulaaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060234934","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-6760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113330528","display_name":"Khazar University","ror":"https://ror.org/014te7048","country_code":"AZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113330528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130814776","display_name":"University of Okara","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmg6q11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}],"countries":["AZ","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Theoretical Physics, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan","Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Theoretical Physics, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113330528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035372817","display_name":"Muhammad Faheem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Faheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Maarintie 3, 02150, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Maarintie 3, 02150, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071351787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.6145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67350302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.029999999329447746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11518","display_name":"Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar","display_name":"Lumbar","score":0.6033999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-spine","display_name":"Lumbar spine","score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facet","display_name":"Facet (psychology)","score":0.4959000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-canal","display_name":"Spinal canal","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.36039999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.6033999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017433307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar spine","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43122875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428522","display_name":"Facet (psychology)","level":4,"score":0.4959000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779326565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781983","display_name":"Spinal canal","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776501849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5781808","display_name":"Back pain","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779835254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","level":3,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954257","display_name":"Degenerative disease","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780907711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852163","display_name":"Low back pain","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778051963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11773731","display_name":"Degenerative disc disease","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776683126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6495681","display_name":"Lateral recess","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1cd0559027474943b56f55fed2bf9e26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1cd0559027474943b56f55fed2bf9e26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-33 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-01098-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G92618698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(QU-APC 2025).","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","funder_display_name":"Qassim University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328111","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417426060.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417426060.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970627649","https://openalex.org/W2040639734","https://openalex.org/W2096889921","https://openalex.org/W2111212096","https://openalex.org/W2245256444","https://openalex.org/W2586839650","https://openalex.org/W2604388535","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2739253377","https://openalex.org/W2897673895","https://openalex.org/W2911290743","https://openalex.org/W2922159377","https://openalex.org/W3005709683","https://openalex.org/W3010787533","https://openalex.org/W3096947210","https://openalex.org/W3151856854","https://openalex.org/W3163707479","https://openalex.org/W4238404964","https://openalex.org/W4294912190","https://openalex.org/W4307840615","https://openalex.org/W4313236716","https://openalex.org/W4313472890","https://openalex.org/W4323364877","https://openalex.org/W4324302751","https://openalex.org/W4362603432","https://openalex.org/W4381249002","https://openalex.org/W4386407857","https://openalex.org/W4387806336","https://openalex.org/W4390231847","https://openalex.org/W4390971133","https://openalex.org/W4391109864","https://openalex.org/W4391836338","https://openalex.org/W4391974609","https://openalex.org/W4392240646","https://openalex.org/W4399813127","https://openalex.org/W4401893396"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Degenerative":[0,82],"lumbar":[1,52,148,189],"spine":[2,53,149,190],"diseases,":[3],"including":[4],"disk":[5],"herniation,":[6],"spinal":[7,157],"stenosis,":[8],"and":[9,32,49,65,74,109,116,138,145,156,197,211,218],"facet":[10],"arthropathy,":[11],"are":[12],"leading":[13],"causes":[14],"of":[15,51],"chronic":[16],"lower":[17],"back":[18],"pain,":[19],"significantly":[20],"affecting":[21],"patients":[22],"worldwide.":[23],"Diagnosing":[24],"these":[25],"conditions":[26],"through":[27],"MRI":[28,88],"imaging":[29],"is":[30],"time-consuming":[31],"subjective.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"introduces":[36],"a":[37,131,134,139,183,223],"novel":[38],"deep-learning":[39],"model":[40,58,71,129,181,209],"using":[41,124],"the":[42,47,77,100,213],"MobileNetV2-UNet":[43,57,128,180],"architecture":[44,102,163],"to":[45,215],"automate":[46],"classification":[48,114],"segmentation":[50,117],"degenerative":[54,191],"diseases.":[55],"The":[56,70,106,119,127,160,178],"integrates":[59],"MobileNetV2":[60],"for":[61,67,187,226],"efficient":[62,162,185],"feature":[63],"extraction":[64],"UNet":[66,101],"accurate":[68],"segmentation.":[69],"was":[72,122],"trained":[73],"validated":[75],"on":[76,205],"RSNA":[78],"2024":[79],"Lumbar":[80],"Spine":[81],"Classification":[83],"dataset,":[84],"which":[85],"includes":[86],"labeled":[87],"images.":[89],"Depthwise":[90],"separable":[91],"convolutions":[92],"enhanced":[93],"computational":[94],"efficiency,":[95],"while":[96,170],"skip":[97],"connections":[98],"in":[99,143,167],"preserved":[103],"spatial":[104],"details.":[105],"combined":[107],"Cross-Entropy":[108],"IoU":[110],"loss":[111],"functions":[112],"optimized":[113],"accuracy":[115],"quality.":[118],"model\u2019s":[120,161],"performance":[121,173],"evaluated":[123],"5-fold":[125],"cross-validation.":[126],"achieved":[130],"94.93%":[132],"accuracy,":[133],"94.61%":[135],"Dice":[136],"Coefficient,":[137],"95.65%":[140],"F1":[141],"score":[142],"classifying":[144],"segmenting":[146],"various":[147],"conditions,":[150,220],"such":[151],"as":[152],"neural":[153],"foraminal":[154],"narrowing":[155],"canal":[158],"stenosis.":[159],"enables":[164],"real-time":[165],"application":[166],"clinical":[168,227],"settings":[169],"maintaining":[171],"high":[172],"across":[174],"diverse":[175],"datasets.":[176],"Conclusion":[177],"proposed":[179],"offers":[182],"reliable,":[184],"solution":[186],"automating":[188],"disease":[192],"diagnosis,":[193],"reducing":[194],"manual":[195],"workload,":[196],"improving":[198,208],"diagnostic":[199],"precision.":[200],"Future":[201],"work":[202],"will":[203],"focus":[204],"enhancing":[206],"generalization,":[207],"interpretability,":[210],"applying":[212],"framework":[214],"other":[216],"musculoskeletal":[217],"neurological":[219],"making":[221],"it":[222],"promising":[224],"tool":[225],"use.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}