{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414211967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","title":"SqueezeNet-Based Deep Learning Framework for Accurate Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Leaf Disease Diagnosis and Classification","display_name":"SqueezeNet-Based Deep Learning Framework for Accurate Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Leaf Disease Diagnosis and Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414211967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092561196","display_name":"Siddhant Jagdev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhant Jagdev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046000889","display_name":"Bharathwaaj Sundararaman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharathwaaj Sundararaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015013037","display_name":"Narendra Khatri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4063-4115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Narendra Khatri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022530030","display_name":"Pramod Gaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-7417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Gaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026337741","display_name":"Hiren Mewada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiren Mewada","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, 31952, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, 31952, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015013037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18451305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12894","display_name":"Date Palm Research Studies","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.519599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"Food security","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.42719998955726624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7505999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.609499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.519599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5dfdd09116c4abd88bc6621cbbf121c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5dfdd09116c4abd88bc6621cbbf121c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00978-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414211967.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414211967.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1972009646","https://openalex.org/W2012435858","https://openalex.org/W2339460098","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2545173268","https://openalex.org/W2549225575","https://openalex.org/W2593390416","https://openalex.org/W3031623500","https://openalex.org/W3139773118","https://openalex.org/W3173170759","https://openalex.org/W3215587879","https://openalex.org/W4205228781","https://openalex.org/W4220960024","https://openalex.org/W4281264259","https://openalex.org/W4283073201","https://openalex.org/W4284663308","https://openalex.org/W4286775354","https://openalex.org/W4292064694","https://openalex.org/W4304092857","https://openalex.org/W4308485661","https://openalex.org/W4313856295","https://openalex.org/W4317733169","https://openalex.org/W4319066470","https://openalex.org/W4380356249","https://openalex.org/W4381487685","https://openalex.org/W4383552159","https://openalex.org/W4385451221","https://openalex.org/W4385598130","https://openalex.org/W4386838965","https://openalex.org/W4387743441","https://openalex.org/W4388948916","https://openalex.org/W4390282154","https://openalex.org/W4392349432","https://openalex.org/W4394670654","https://openalex.org/W4394772467","https://openalex.org/W4400571242","https://openalex.org/W4400782021","https://openalex.org/W4402008889","https://openalex.org/W4402403952","https://openalex.org/W4402857827","https://openalex.org/W4403151438","https://openalex.org/W4404408455","https://openalex.org/W4405367266","https://openalex.org/W4405375500","https://openalex.org/W4406083352","https://openalex.org/W4406186540","https://openalex.org/W4406563631","https://openalex.org/W4406748798","https://openalex.org/W4406874726","https://openalex.org/W4409336180","https://openalex.org/W4410499371"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Agriculture":[1],"is":[2,8,32,58,195],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,51,74,105,148,168,179,213,245,263,270],"food":[5],"security":[6],"but":[7,44],"severely":[9],"threatened":[10],"by":[11],"crop":[12],"disease":[13,30,267],"and":[14,17,28,49,78,108,121,131,145,154,174,206,231,256],"climate":[15],"variability":[16],"causes":[18],"severe":[19],"yield":[20],"loss.":[21],"As":[22],"the":[23,72,102,106,169,180,184,189,214,232,237,242,279],"population":[24],"grows":[25],"worldwide,":[26],"quick":[27],"accurate":[29,276],"detection":[31,84,107],"critical.":[33],"Deep":[34],"learning,":[35,40],"in":[36,54,135,201,208,247,265],"particular":[37],"through":[38],"transfer":[39],"offers":[41],"promising":[42],"solutions,":[43],"most":[45],"are":[46,252],"computationally":[47],"costly":[48],"unsuitable":[50],"real-time":[52,248],"use":[53,246],"low-resource":[55],"settings.":[56,92],"There":[57],"limited":[59],"research":[60],"on":[61,101],"lightweight":[62],"models":[63],"like":[64],"SqueezeNet":[65,103,141],"with":[66,156,197],"optimized":[67],"training":[68,130,210],"parameters.":[69],"This":[70,93],"suggests":[71],"need":[73],"an":[75,260],"efficient,":[76],"high-accuracy,":[77],"deployable":[79],"model":[80,99,142],"to":[81,227,282],"facilitate":[82,283],"timely":[83],"of":[85,110,116,199,236],"tomato":[86,111,271],"leaf":[87,112,272],"diseases":[88],"under":[89],"real-world":[90],"agricultural":[91,249],"study":[94],"presents":[95],"a":[96],"deep":[97],"learning":[98,122,158,186],"based":[100],"framework":[104,194],"classification":[109,151,229],"diseases.":[113],"Various":[114],"combinations":[115],"optimizers":[117],"(SGDM,":[118],"ADAM,":[119],"RMSProp)":[120],"rates":[123],"(0.0004,":[124],"0.004)":[125],"were":[126],"employed":[127],"during":[128,152,172],"both":[129],"testing":[132,153,203],"phases,":[133],"resulting":[134],"six":[136],"configurations":[137],"per":[138],"case.":[139],"The":[140,192,217,225],"achieved":[143],"99.91%":[144],"99.86%":[146],"accuracy":[147],"TMC":[149],"class":[150,171,182],"training,":[155],"ADAM":[157,161,202],"at":[159,162,183,204,211,278],"0.0004.":[160],"0.0004":[163,205,212],"had":[164,176],"ideal":[165],"recall":[166,178],"(100%)":[167],"TH":[170],"testing,":[173],"SGDM":[175,209],"99.65%":[177],"TYLCV":[181,215],"same":[185],"rate,":[187],"proving":[188],"model\u2019s":[190,218],"usefulness.":[191],"proposed":[193,238],"robust,":[196],"F1-Scores":[198],"99.42%":[200],"99.38%":[207],"class.":[216],"low":[219],"misclassification":[220],"rate":[221],"(0\u20130.21%)":[222],"boosts":[223],"confidence.":[224],"ability":[226],"demonstrate":[228],"performance":[230],"minimal":[233],"computational":[234],"requirements":[235],"SqueezeNet-based":[239],"system":[240],"enhance":[241],"latter\u2019s":[243],"feasibility":[244],"environments":[250],"that":[251],"resource-constrained.":[253],"Its":[254],"scalability":[255],"resilience":[257],"make":[258],"it":[259],"excellent":[261],"choice":[262],"utilization":[264],"advanced":[266],"monitoring":[268],"systems":[269],"diseases,":[273],"facilitating":[274],"quick,":[275],"diagnosis":[277],"field":[280],"level":[281],"enhanced":[284],"precision":[285],"agriculture":[286],"practices.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}