{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413928720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","title":"Reinforcement-Learning-Based V2G Scheduling: Peak Load Mitigation and Financial Benefits","display_name":"Reinforcement-Learning-Based V2G Scheduling: Peak Load Mitigation and Financial Benefits","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413928720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109955366","display_name":"Yong Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029179317","display_name":"Jianlin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7720-1423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianlin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025929395","display_name":"Xiaoming Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-103X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035578562","display_name":"Xiangyong Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101599745","display_name":"Bin Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-5068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403375","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5894-3237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159136","display_name":"China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0t0374","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74872605","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137144","display_name":"Guangdong Hydropower Planning & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03bkmgf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute of CSG, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I74872605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Measurement and Advanced Metering of Power Grid, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74872605"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109955366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098","https://openalex.org/I4210137144","https://openalex.org/I4210159136","https://openalex.org/I74872605"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.6252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73232784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7768102884292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6006873846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5210508704185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4251716434955597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.40547794103622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23569098114967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.21779388189315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.21334531903266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10779216885566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.08111533522605896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7768102884292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6006873846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5210508704185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4251716434955597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.40547794103622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23569098114967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.21779388189315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.21334531903266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10779216885566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08111533522605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3678e0859eb64aa183f8673a52a5f9c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3678e0859eb64aa183f8673a52a5f9c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44196-025-00959-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323192","display_name":"China Southern Power Grid","ror":"https://ror.org/03hkh9419"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413928720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413928720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997391907","https://openalex.org/W2142784486","https://openalex.org/W2196845260","https://openalex.org/W2460120980","https://openalex.org/W2471802579","https://openalex.org/W2560579062","https://openalex.org/W2734921351","https://openalex.org/W2735182096","https://openalex.org/W2741590715","https://openalex.org/W2769605893","https://openalex.org/W2810340357","https://openalex.org/W2963591547","https://openalex.org/W2981659507","https://openalex.org/W2990466689","https://openalex.org/W2997360310","https://openalex.org/W3005335721","https://openalex.org/W3010642530","https://openalex.org/W3011542021","https://openalex.org/W3022275475","https://openalex.org/W3087814763","https://openalex.org/W3095385303","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3171343578","https://openalex.org/W3203129438","https://openalex.org/W4247516333","https://openalex.org/W4310815743","https://openalex.org/W4319029693","https://openalex.org/W4361984581","https://openalex.org/W4386269005","https://openalex.org/W4386420470","https://openalex.org/W4388035969","https://openalex.org/W4389264011","https://openalex.org/W4391683039","https://openalex.org/W4401053105","https://openalex.org/W4407938059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,38],"study":[1],"develops":[2],"a":[3,65,118,125,146],"centralized":[4,192],"reinforcement":[5],"learning":[6],"framework,":[7],"employing":[8],"Q-learning,":[9],"for":[10,112,145],"efficient":[11],"vehicle-to-grid":[12],"(V2G)":[13],"scheduling":[14],"of":[15,45,49,109,164,176,188],"large":[16],"electric":[17],"vehicle":[18,127],"(EV)":[19],"fleets.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"scalability":[23],"challenges":[24],"and":[25,55,103,207],"inherent":[26],"uncertainties":[27],"in":[28,168],"user":[29,58],"behavior,":[30],"the":[31,41,43,46,99,106,131,137,152,156,181,186,189],"framework":[32],"utilizes":[33],"an":[34,56,172],"aggregated":[35,71,196],"state":[36,39,48,72],"representation.":[37],"captures":[40],"time-of-day,":[42],"distribution":[44],"fleet\u2019s":[47],"charge":[50],"(SOC)":[51],"across":[52],"discrete":[53],"bins,":[54],"estimated":[57],"adherence":[59],"factor.":[60],"The":[61,88],"central":[62],"agent":[63],"learns":[64],"control":[66,193],"policy":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69],"this":[70],"to":[73,81,92,104,124,140,143,171,198],"dynamically":[74],"issue":[75],"charging,":[76],"discharging,":[77],"or":[78],"idle":[79],"commands":[80],"EVs":[82],"grouped":[83],"within":[84],"specific":[85],"SOC":[86],"bins.":[87],"primary":[89],"objectives":[90],"are":[91],"enhance":[93,204],"power":[94],"grid":[95,138,205],"stability":[96],"by":[97],"minimizing":[98],"peak-to-average":[100],"ratio":[101],"(PAR)":[102],"improve":[105],"economic":[107,157,209],"viability":[108],"V2G":[110,202],"participation":[111],"EV":[113,120,179],"owners.":[114],"Simulations":[115],"conducted":[116],"under":[117,180,211],"40%":[119],"penetration":[121],"level":[122],"(relative":[123],"300,000":[126],"base":[128],"fleet)":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"proposed":[132,153,190],"method\u2019s":[133],"effectiveness:":[134],"it":[135],"reduced":[136],"PAR":[139],"1.0683,":[141],"compared":[142],"1.0729":[144],"baseline":[147],"uncontrolled":[148],"charging":[149],"scenario.":[150],"Critically,":[151],"method":[154],"transformed":[155],"outcome,":[158],"achieving":[159],"positive":[160],"average":[161,173],"daily":[162,174],"earnings":[163],"$1.17":[165],"per":[166,178],"EV,":[167],"stark":[169],"contrast":[170],"loss":[175],"$6.75":[177],"baseline.":[182],"These":[183],"results":[184],"validate":[185],"potential":[187],"intelligent,":[191],"strategy":[194],"using":[195],"information":[197],"effectively":[199],"manage":[200],"large-scale":[201],"systems,":[203],"stability,":[206],"provide":[208],"benefits":[210],"practical":[212],"behavioral":[213],"assumptions.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
